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'''Scientific and Technical Reports: Preparation, Presentation, and Preservation''' (hereinafter, the ''Standard'') is the ANSI/NISO Z39.18-2005 (R2010) American national standard that is developed by the [[National Information Standards Organization]] and approved in 2005 and reaffirmed by 2010 by the [[American National Standards Institute]].

==Trivia==
===Abstract===
:The ''Standard'' outlines the elements, organization, and design of scientific and [[technical report]]s, including guidance for uniform presentation of front and back matter, text, and visual and tabular matter in print and digital formats, as well as recommendations for multimedia reports. 

===Copyright===
:Copyright © 2010 by the National Information Standards Organization. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. For noncommercial purposes only, this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission in writing from the publisher, provided it is reproduced accurately, the source of the material is identified, and the NISO copyright status is acknowledged. All inquiries regarding translations into other languages or commercial reproduction or distribution should be addressed to: NISO, 3600 Clipper Mill Road, Suite 302, Baltimore, MD 21211. 

===Role===
:The guidelines in this Standard address issues related to creating, discovering, presenting, 
publishing, disseminating, maintaining, and preserving reports. Previous editions of the 
standard focused on reports printed on paper, but, with the increased availability of 
computers, paper is only one of the many media of publication a report can have. In addition, 
reports can now include digital sections as well as traditional printed text. This revised 
Standard attempts to accommodate the diverse forms reports can take. Report writers should 
refer to the many examples throughout the Standard as models to follow rather than using 
the Standard as a model. 

===Scope===

This Standard will guide individuals and organizations in preparing reports. It is generally 
couched in terms of the traditional printed report because that medium is the most concrete 
and common example for readers to consider and visualize. However, the Standard is 
expressed in such a way that adapting to other means of publication (for example, electronic 
formats on the Web and CD-ROMs) is recognized. 

Although this Standard necessarily has to consider means of distribution, facilitate methods 
of literature control, and accommodate methods of accessibility, it is not a standard for 
cataloging, describing, or preserving publications. Those roles are fulfilled by other standards, 
such as those associated with using MARC 21 records, Dublin Core, and evolving standards 
for persistent identification. 

===Audience===
:This Standard will prove valuable to researchers, scientists, and academics to document their 
research and results, provide consistent guidelines for creating reports, and assist in 
collaboration among organizations. Writers, editors, and publishers can use the Standard to 
provide consistency throughout their organizations and adopt uniform practices as needed. 
Information specialists in areas such as libraries, depositories, databases, and archives will 
find it helpful in categorizing, discovering, and maintaining information in a consistent fashion. 

===Best Practices===

In keeping with quality standards and practices, this Standard contains examples of best 
practices used by authors who produce exemplary reports—that is, reports that provide 
information the user needs in a form and format the user can easily understand. Authors, 
however, must be aware that the best practices identified by this Standard are those judged 
to be so at the time the Committee developed it, and they should seek to identify other 
practices, not only within the user’s organization but also within the user’s discipline. 

==Key Concepts==
===Metadata===

This Standard advocates provision for the capture of appropriate metadata in report 
preparation. Metadata refer to information about information or, equivalently, data about data. 
In current practice, the term has come to mean structured information that feeds into 
automated processes, and this definition is currently the most useful way to think about 
metadata. This definition further applies whether the publication that the metadata describes 
is in print or electronic form. In publishing, metadata can be classified according to a variety 
of specific functions, such as technical metadata for technical processes, rights metadata for 
rights resolution, preservation metadata for digital archiving, and descriptive metadata 
(metadata that characterizes the content itself). 

===Persistence===

This Standard addresses the need for persistence in links that are incorporated in reports. A 
key component of the digital information infrastructure is a mechanism for addressing and 
locating digital objects on a network or in an archival system. The current addressing 
structure for the World Wide Web is based on the Uniform Resource Locator (URL). While 
the URL provides direct, efficient access, URL-only naming fails whenever the resources are 
moved or reorganized. The lack of persistence leads to “404” (file not found) errors, inhibiting 
access to information and causing problems when archiving material for long-term 
preservation and permanent access. These links should also be documented for accessibility 
in print format. 

===Interoperability===

This Standard encourages the achievement of interoperability in report presentation. In 
paper-based publication of scientific and technical reports, interoperability, except for 
language differences and visual challenges, is achieved through a single publication medium. 
In the digital environment with its multiple types of media, even defining the concept of 
publishing is a challenge. Interoperability can be achieved at three levels: technical, content, 
and organizational. At the technical level, protocol and format should be consistent so 
messages can be exchanged. Content agreements cover data and metadata and include 
semantic agreements on interpreting messages. The organizational level of interoperability 
includes rules for access, for changing collections and services, payment, authentication, etc. 
While the URL protocol permits interoperability in addressing, it offers no interoperability 
regarding content. 

===Creation===

This Standard recognizes that certain critical actions must be taken at the time a report is 
created. The initial stage of creating a report should include a thorough review of intellectual 
property rights, security issues, ease of repurposing the information, and consistent 
guidelines for software and file naming conventions. Given the collaborative nature of many 
reports, copyright should be established at the outset, and permission for using pre-existing 
material should be consistent with U.S. Copyright Office regulations. Potentially classified material may require authentication for release to a limited audience. If the report is best 
served by being released through multiple channels and repurposed into multiple formats (for 
example, print and Web) or parsed for repurposing in other collaborative projects, production 
should include standards for coding the information for such use. Creators should capture 
metadata tied to producing the report, such as platform, operating system, software version, 
and consistent file-naming conventions and extensions when they create the report. 

===Discovery===

This Standard emphasizes the importance of ensuring that reports will be discovered. 
Traditionally, the ability for the target audience to find and use scientific and technical reports 
produced solely in print format depended on governmental and commercial bibliographic 
databases or specific, specialized knowledge of primary resource producers. Reports 
produced in digital format should also enable discovery and access through the incorporation 
of appropriate associated metadata. Producers of reports should ensure that the report 
production workflow provides for metadata capture. Discovery is also enhanced by populating 
metadata with published, controlled vocabularies rather than ad hoc terminology for subjects. 

Another discovery issue in a digital environment is the ability of a report to allow access to all 
potential audiences, including those with physical restrictions. A 1998 amendment to the 
Rehabilitation Act (29 U.S.C. 794d), popularly referred to as “Section 508,” requires U.S. 
Federal agencies to make their electronic and information technology accessible to people 
with disabilities. Other producers of scientific and technical reports should follow guidelines 
provided for this requirement for greatest accessibility. A further limit to access to be avoided 
is using proprietary software not commonly used by the primary target audience. 


3.6 Presentation in Digital Format 

This Standard recommends that reports in digital form be presented in a structured way. 
Some methods for structured representation of reports in digital form are the DTD, XML, and 
XSL. The DTD defines the format that reports should follow; XML maintains the report’s 
contents and structures; and XSL defines how to represent the report for different vehicles of 
display (e.g. desktop computer or PDA). Two main advantages of this approach are its 
automatic validation and its flexibility of representation. Also, the XML format is widely used 
and can be easily processed by computer programs. Figure 1 shows the relationship 
between an XML document, the DTD, and XSL. 



Validation 


► 


> 


Z39.18 compliance is 
assured 


Formatted Report 


Figure 1: Components used in digital format representation 


©2005 NISO 


Page 5 









ANSI/NISO Z39.18-2005 (R2010) 


3.6.1 Document Type Definition (DTD) 

A DTD defines the building blocks of a document using extensible Markup Language (XML). 
XML improves the functionality of the Web by providing more flexible and adaptable 
information identification, delivery, and presentation. 

3.6.2 XML Document 

The XML document contains the report with its metadata. Elements in an XML document 
should comply with the DTD provided (see Appendix F), which validates the document. 

3.6.3 XSL (Style Sheet) 

The XSL (extensible Style Sheet) provides a mechanism for presenting data available in an 
XML document. It provides formatting information and ordering of presentation (not always 
the same order as in the XML document) and can generate extra metadata, such as a table 
of contents, list of figures, etc. Multiple XSL sheets can be used for the same document to 
accommodate the needs of various communities: Web publication of reports, printed reports, 
etc. 


===Presentation===

This Standard is cognizant of and reflects the requirements and limitations of different 
methods of publication. The concept of publication (literally, to make known to the public) 
changed drastically in the 1960s when computers were applied to the typesetting process. 
Suddenly, machine-readable electronic records were being produced along with traditional 
print. The subsequent development of new media, recording devices, codes of expression, 
and means of transmission made these electronic records eminently usable. Scientific, 
business, military, and government communities found these new media to be a convenient 
and economical means for distributing and storing information, including reports. As a result, 
we now see diverse ways of publishing data and information, from printed pages to CDs to 
analog and digital tapes to files accessible over the World Wide Web. 

The prescriptions of this Standard are flexible enough to be adapted to a great variety of 
publication methods, both extant and yet to be discovered. However, it also recognizes that 
many users of a report find a printed version more convenient, portable, or permanent. 
Therefore, the Standard states that electronic publications be formatted so that standardized, 
usable print copies can be produced from any medium through common or specialized 
software. The Standard suggests producing reports that can be converted from medium to 
medium and format to format to allow ease of use and future migration. 

===Dissemination===

This Standard encourages the effective dissemination of reports. It is important that scientific 
and technical reports be readily available to as broad an audience as allowed to facilitate 
research and to promote general education goals. Online access to information opens new 
arenas to find reports. Reports that can be easily identified and ordered by libraries and the 
general public through a variety of distribution channels (for example, wholesalers, library 
jobbers, and online retailers) support the sustainability of the information. Archiving reports on 
the Web with a unique identifier, and with an agency that can support their presence over 


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©2005 NISO 





ANSI/NISO Z39.18-2005 (R2010) 


time, improves their long-term value. Therefore, creators of reports should envision a 
dissemination strategy at the outset of the project. 


===Access and Distribution===

This Standard recognizes the importance of controlling access to some reports. Originating 
organizations have specific responsibilities to determine the distribution of reports. 
Classification/distribution information is provided by electronic labeling or in print. If physical 
marking of a report is not possible, identifying information must be accomplished by other 
means, such as metadata schema. Marking is the means of informing users of classified, or 
otherwise controlled, information about specific protection requirements for reports (for 
example, for internal use only). For print materials, this information should be easily visible on 
the cover or title page. For reports in a digital format, this information should be on the 
opening screen or other points of initial access. 

Examples: 

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 

Distribution authorized to DoD components only (reason, date). Other requests for this 
document shall be referred to (controlling office information). 


===Maintenance and Preservation===

This Standard advocates adopting practices that ensure long-term preservation of reports. 
Compilers and publishers of scientific and technical reports can and should take action to 
ensure their efforts will be appreciated for as long as the reports have value to users. This 
requirement means that reports should be prepared using techniques and materials that 
enable discovery and usability over the long term. Continuing discovery is assured by 
associating a report with clear, distinct, and unchanging identifying information (descriptive 
metadata). Continuing usability is assured by adopting an easily navigated and navigable 
structure, including maintenance of internal and external links, and by using publishing 
techniques that withstand the test of time. Time-tested publishing techniques involve the 
appropriate choice of publishing medium, such as acid-free paper or polyester-based silver 
gelatin film. However, publishing increasingly involves producing digital products that can be 
migrated and shared across media, platforms, applications, and organizations. At the time the 
Committee developed this Standard, the most promising method for assuring continuing 
migration is employment of an XML DTD to encode electronic reports when produced. 

Many complex, electronic scientific and technical reports are used to produce multimedia 
publications and presentations. In such cases, it is particularly important to use presentation 
standards and practices that not only enable the widest possible access at the time of report 
creation, but also ensure continuous availability of content and structure despite changes in 
the delivery environment. In cases of multimedia reports, it is desirable to preserve the 
original presentation media as well as the original content. When this preservation cannot be 
achieved, it is most important to preserve the content so that the original source material is 
preserved. 

==Components of Reports - Overview==


===Introduction===

There are many possible patterns for organizing the components of reports. Some of these 
are referenced in Appendix D, Model Formats for Organizing a Scientific or Technical Report. 
These model formats allow for presenting information about the creation, structure, content, 
and availability of reports in a readily comprehensible manner. When not using traditional 
publishing channels, the author/creator should ensure this information is captured and 
available to potential readers/users. 


===Metadata===

A scientific or technical report is an important information resource and, as such, requires 
effective information management. The body of the report, with its discussion of methods, 
results, and conclusions, is content. Any information that helps the user find, assemble, and 
properly attribute the report are metadata. 

Metadata are a significant matter for this Standard because of the large amount and diversity 
of data represented. The quantity and diversity of report content and format presented 
information management challenges in an era when reports were published exclusively on 
paper; in the digital age these challenges have multiplied considerably. A scientific or 
technical report that does not take metadata into account has no readily-found identity and 
will not be used. To avoid this problem, compilers of reports must provide metadata in three 
broad classes: descriptive, structural, and administrative. 

4.2.1 Descriptive Metadata 

Descriptive metadata, such as cataloging information prepared following standards such as 
Dublin Core or MARC 21, convey information that helps the user find a report and distinguish 
it from other similar ones. Descriptive metadata are commonly used for resource discovery, 
such as author/title/subject searching, or grouping like objects for browsing. Such metadata 
include the title and creator (author), as well as any keywords or subject references. 

4.2.2 Structural Metadata 

Structural metadata explain the relationship between parts of multipart objects and enhance 
internal navigation. Such metadata include a table of contents or list of figures and tables. 

4.2.3 Administrative Metadata 

Administrative metadata support maintaining and archiving reports and ensure their long-term 
availability. Administrative metadata are needed for migration of data from one format to 
another and contain rights information used for access control. Such metadata include type 
and version of software used in preparing the report and rights-management requirements. 


===Components===

The author/creator of a scientific or technical report must keep all metadata requirements in 
mind throughout report creation and should prepare the components to enable ready 
recognition of key descriptive, structural, and administrative information about the report. 

Table 1 presents the standard components of scientific and technical reports in the traditional 
order of presentation. In reports organized in this manner, the listed components from cover 
through acknowledgments are commonly referred to as front matter, the components from 
summary through references are referred to as the body or text matter, and components from 
appendices through distribution list are referred to as back matter. 

In the Inclusion Status column, the table indicates which components are required by this 
Standard, which are optional, and which are conditional. Finally, in the column headed 
Function, the table indicates the primary role served by the information conveyed in each 
component. 


Table 1: Components of reports 



Component 

Inclusion Status 

Function 


Cover 

Optional 

Descriptive metadata 


Title Section 

Required 

Descriptive metadata, such as 

Dublin Core elements: Identifier, 

Title, Creator, Publisher, Contributor, 
Date, and Language 


Notice Section 

Conditional (include when needed to specify 
intellectual property rights or state restrictions 
on access or use) 

Administrative metadata, such as 
the Dublin Core elements: Rights 
Management and Format 


Format Information 

Conditional (include when the original is 

Administrative metadata, such as 

k. 

Section 

created in digital format) 

Dublin Core element: Format 

0) 

Report 

Conditional (include in reports prepared for 

Descriptive metadata, such as the 

-t-» 

ro 

*-> 

c 

o 

Documentation 

Section 

federal governmental agencies) 

Dublin Core elements: Title, Creator, 
and Publisher 

Source of administrative metadata, 
such as the Dublin Core element: 
Rights Management 

k_ 

Li- 

Abstract Section 

Required 

Descriptive metadata, such as the 
Dublin Core elements: Description, 
Subject, and Coverage 


Contents Section 

Required 

Structural metadata 


List of Figures and 
Tables 

Conditional (include when there are more 
than 5 figures and/or tables) 

Structural metadata 


Foreword 

Conditional (include when background and 
context is needed) 

Descriptive metadata 


Preface 

Conditional (include when background and 
context is needed) 

Descriptive metadata 


Acknowledgments 

Conditional (include when significant) 

Content 



Table 1 (continued) 



Component 

Inclusion Status 

Function 


Summary 

Required 

Content 


Introduction 

Required 

Content 

. 0) 

" *-» 
o +- 

>» ^ 
~o 2 

Methods, 
Assumptions, and 
Procedures 

Required 

Content 

Results and 
Discussion 

Required 

Content 

CO S 
1- 

Conclusions 

Required 

Content 

Recommendations 

Conditional (include when purpose of report is 
to suggest a course of action) 

Content 


References 

Conditional (use if references are provided) 

Structural metadata, such as the 
Dublin Core element: Relation 


Appendices 

Conditional (include when needed to 
supplement Results and Discussion) 

Structural metadata 


Bibliography 

Conditional (include when needed to amplify 
references) 

Structural metadata 

0) 

+-> 

+-* 

ro 

List of Symbols, 
Abbreviations, and 
Acronyms 

Conditional (include if symbols, abbreviations, 
or acronyms appear in any other component 
of the report; this section might appear as 
part of the front matter) 

Structural metadata 

o 

Glossary 

Conditional (include if report incorporates 
terms unfamiliar to the intended audience) 

Structural metadata 

(0 

00 

Index 

Conditional (include when needed to ensure 
that a user locates all references to a 
concept) 

Structural metadata 


Distribution List 

Conditional (include when needed to control 
access) 

Administrative metadata, such as 
the Dublin Core element: Rights 
Management 


==Components of Reports - Details==

This section provides guidance on organizing the following report components: 

• Required elements, which are compulsory or mandatory when exchanging data 

• Conditional elements, which are used under specified conditions when exchanging data 

• Optional elements, which may be used when exchanging data [definition from EDSC 
Glossary] 

5.1 Front Matter 

Front matter consists of all materials preceding the main content and provides: 

• a general idea of the purpose and scope of reports; 

• background about, or a context for, reports; and 

• lists for finding specific chapters, headings, figures, and tables. 

It also provides information needed for cataloging in bibliographic databases and digital 
libraries. A discussion of the purpose and scope of each element of front matter follows and 
suggests best practices for the location of such information. 

5.1.1 Cover 

Although considered an optional component, a cover provides physical protection for a print 
report and displays major metadata elements for resource discovery. Electronic versions of 
reports, especially in PDF, often include a cover to replicate the look of the print version. A 
cover identifies the report number, title, author(s), and any distribution limitations. If classified 
or proprietary information appears in a report, a notice on the cover indicates that such 
material is included. The best practices for including data elements of a report cover are as 
follows: 

• Report number (can also be on the back cover, or on both) 

• Report title and subtitle, if used (should be the same on the cover, title page, and report 
documentation page) 

• Title and numbering of series, if the report is issued in a series (can also be on the back 
cover, or both) 

• Author, principal investigator, editor, and/or compiler 

• Publisher (the organization that assumes responsibility for publication, which may or may 
not be the same as the sponsoring organization) 

• Date of publication (optional; can defer to the title page or to the copyright page) 

• Distribution limitations 

• Sponsoring organization of published research 

• A bar code or other indication of the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) or 
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) and the price (optional). This information is 
usually included on the back cover of the report as well and may facilitate managing 
inventory. 

• Technical requirements (for example, video, audio, digital) 

• Subject 

Legal or policy considerations of the sponsoring organization may require using additional 
data elements. 

5.1.2 Title Section 

The required title section indicates the subject and content of the report and provides 
information needed for description and bibliographic control of, and access to, a report. 

These data are critical to discover, acquire, store, and provide access to information 
resources. If the performing and sponsoring organizations are different entities, the title 
section clearly identifies the different responsibilities (that is, performance and sponsorship). 
The information in the cover and title section must be consistent; if an optional Report 
Documentation Page is used, its bibliographic data must also be consistent with the 
information in the cover and title section. The recommended data elements of a title section 
are as follows: 

• Report number 

• Report title and subtitle, if used (should be the same on the cover, title page, and report 
documentation page) 

• Title and numbering of series, if the report is issued in a series 

• Author, principal investigator, editor, and/or compiler, with the primary creator listed first, 
per standard library cataloging practice 

• Performing organization (author/creator affiliation) 

• Publication data, including place of publication, publisher (which may or may not be the 
same as the sponsoring organization), and date (may also defer to the copyright page) 

• Type of report and period covered, where applicable (conditional) 

• Contract or grant number, where applicable (may defer to the copyright page) 

• Sponsoring or issuing organization (if different than the performing organization) 

• Subject descriptors (e.g., keywords) 

Figures 2a and 2b show a sample cover and title page for which the performing and 
sponsoring organizations are the same. Figures 3a and 3b show a sample cover and title 
page for which the performing and sponsoring organizations are different. Legal or policy 
considerations of the organization for which a report is prepared may require using additional 
data elements in these sections. 


1 

<D 

o 

Z5 

<D 

o 

to 


a> 

n 

a 

03 

o 

1 

CN 

Q 


CO 

03 

J: 


Q 

a: 

< 

o 


Carderock Division 

Naval Surface Warfare Center 

Bethesda, MD 20084-5000 


-1 

Performing and 
sponsoring organization 


CARDIVNSWC-TR—93/013 December 1993 
Machinery Research and Development Directorate 
Technical Report 


DD 21A—A Capable, Affordable, Modular 
21st Century Destroyer 

by 

William J. Levedahl, Samuel R. Shank, and William P. O’Reagan 



Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 


Figure 2a: Sample cover page for which the performing and 
sponsoring organizations are the same 

I- 

Performing and 
sponsoring organization 


Carderock Division 
Naval Surface Warfare Center 


Bethesda, MD 20084-5000 


CARDIVNSWC-TR—93/013 December 1993 
Machinery Research and Development Directorate 

Technical Report 


DD 21A—A Capable, Affordable, Modular 

21st Centurv Destroyer 

by 

William J. Levedahl, Samuel R. Shank, and William P. O’Reagan 


Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 


Figure 2b: Sample title page for which the performing and 
sponsoring organizations are the same 


.I 


imiill 


1111 ii 111 


in" ii 


4 

'®> 0^1 


UNCLASSIFIED 


NASP Contractor Report 1137 


Damping of Thermal 
Acoustic Oscillations 
in Hydrogen Systems 


Youfan Gu and Klaus D. Timmerhaus 


Grant NAG3-1018 

September 1992 


Notice 

This document is for quick release to or¬ 
ganizations participating in the National 
Aero-Space Plane Program (NASP). Cus¬ 
tomary editing and review have been 
waived in order to provide rapid dissem¬ 
ination of data and preliminary results. 
Distribution is authorized to U.S. Govern¬ 
ment Agencies and U.S. Government 
Agency Contractors Only to protect critical 
technology, 30 Nov 90. Other requests for 
this document shall be referred to the NASP 
Joint Program Office, Wright-Patterson 
AFB, OH. 


Sponsoring organization 


Performing organization 



I 


University of Colorado 


DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 
ENGINEERING CENTER. EOOT2-6 


UNCLASSIFIED 


C4MHJSBOX424 
BOULDER. CO 8CS09 


Figure 3a: Sample cover for which the performing and 
sponsoring organizations are different 






J 

□ 

h 


I 


Final Technical Report 


LASER DIAGNOSTICS FOR REACTING FLOWS 


Grant AFOSR F49620-01-1-0145 


Submitted by 

R. K. Hanson, Principal Investigator 


Prepared for 

air force office of scientific research ◄- Sponsoring organization 


For the Period 

January 1,2001 to December 31,2003 


Performing organization 


I 


HIGH TEMPERATURE GASDYNAMICS LABORATORY 
Mechanical Engineering Department 
Stanford University 


Figure 3b: Sample title page for which the performing and 
sponsoring organizations are different 


5.1.2.1 Report Number 

Each report requires a report number unique within the organization that appears in a 
consistent location for each document in a series. A report number is composed of an 
alphanumeric report code (2-16 characters) and, if desired, a numeric sequential group 
(1-14 digits indicating the year and sequence of report issuance). Different sponsoring and 
performing organizations usually assign separate report numbers; so a report may have 
multiple numbers. These numbers should appear together in a prominent location in the front 
matter. ANSI/NISO Z39.23-1997 (R2002), Standard Technical Report Number (STRN) 
Format and Creation, provides guidance on establishing and using standard scientific and 
technical report numbers. 


5.1.2.2 Title and Subtitle 

The title is especially important in abstracting, cataloging, indexing, and referencing a report 
and for informing potential readers of the content. A subtitle may be added to further define 
the contents. The words of the title and subtitle define and limit the topic of the report and 
appear on the cover, title section, and optional Report Documentation Page, using exactly the 
same wording. In creating the title of a report, a creator using best practices: 

• selects words that distinguish the report from any other on the same general topic rather 
than writing, “Report on...” 

• uses a distinctive subtitle for clarity if the report is one in a series or a supplement to 
previously published work (information about the period covered—for example, month, 
quarter, or year—may be included in the subtitle of reports in series); and 

• spells out abbreviations and acronyms. 

When a report consists of more than one volume (or binding), the title is repeated in a 
separate title section, and each separate volume is identified by an Arabic number and a 
volume title or subtitle. 

Example: 

Interstellar and Interplanetary Dust 
Volume 2: Supernova Isotopic Enrichments 


5.1.2.3 Author(s) / Creator(s) 

The author/creator of a report is reserved for the person or persons responsible for 
originating the scientific or technical information or the text of the report and who can 
effectively defend the content of the report to a peer group. The primary author/creator is 
always identified first. Identifying an editor is justified when the editor has applied subject 
matter expertise in preparing the report. 

An author’s/creator’s name appears on the cover (see 5.1.1) and title section (see 5.1.2) and, 
if used, the Report Documentation Page in identical form. The preferred order is first name, 
middle name or initial, surname. Academic degrees are not given. However, authors/creators 
or contributors can identify themselves by their job titles in the organization (Jane R. Doe, 
Cost Analyst; Jack T. Doe, Head, Research and Development Division) or by their functions 
as contributors (Jane R. Doe, Principal Investigator; JackT. Doe, Compiler). If these titles are 
used, they should be used consistently within an organization or series. In cases of multiple 
authors/creators from different organizations, the names appear with their organizational 
affiliations. 



5.1.2.4 Performing and Sponsoring Organizations 

The performing organization conducts research; the sponsoring organization funds research 
and usually, but not always, controls report publication and distribution. The performing and 
sponsoring organization may be the same. Reports that present the results of research done 
under contracts or grants identify both a performing and a sponsoring organization if different. 
In such cases, the name of the sponsoring organization, the performing organization (or other 
responsible units), and the complete address(es) appear on the title section. If there are 
multiple sponsoring organizations, each is listed and the functions of each are identified. 

5.1.3 Notice of Distribution/Access Restrictions 

5.1.3.1 Copyright 

Some organizations may opt to use a traditional copyright page common within the publishing 
industry. The copyright section may include the following information, if available: 

• The complete name of the sponsoring organization, including the contract number 
authorizing the research, and/or any organizations providing funding for the report 

• Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication (CIP) Data 

• An ISBN and/or ISSN 

• The country in which the report was produced 

• Permission for use of proprietary information, such as photo credits 

• The mission statement of the producer, trademark information, and any disclaimers from 
the producer 

• A copyright symbol, year, and the name of the copyright holder 

• Authority to copy the contents or require permission from the producer prior to copying. 
While federal government publications may be freely copied by the public, a request for 
permission allows the publisher to track the uses of the report. 

• The name, complete address, and phone number of the producer and how additional 
copies of the report may be obtained; a Web or email address, or both, may be included. 
Copyrights on reports are not always formally registered; material prepared for the U.S. 
Government is usually available for public dissemination without copyright. 

The order of appearance is not important so long as all elements appear. The recommended 
location is the verso (back) of the title page. If these elements are included on the copyright 
page, it is at the discretion of the publisher if they are included in other sections of the front 
matter. 

5.1.3.2 Distribution Limitations / Notices 

When necessary to call attention to certain aspects of a report, such as its security 
classification, restricted distribution, or proprietary information, appropriate notices appear on 
the cover and title section. For example, a notice may alert the reader that a particular report 
is: 


• a presentation of preliminary findings subject to revisions, or 

• a formal draft or a working paper intended to elicit comments and ideas. 

If disclaimers or similar notices are needed, they appear on the inside front cover or the 
optional copyright page that follows the title page of a printed report. Notices may also alert 
the reader to certain legal conditions, for example, using brand or trade names in the report. 


Generic terms are preferable to brand or trade names if scientific and technical accuracy can 
be maintained in using them. 

A disclaimer may or may not be appropriate for government-generated reports. It is the 
responsibility of each organization to determine the appropriate notice for the reports it 
produces and to coordinate these decisions with the appropriate legal counsel. Government 
classified material will have specific regulations; producers should follow the regulations 
applicable to their government agency. 

Figure 4 shows a sample cover with a notice of restricted distribution. Figure 5 illustrates a 
cover with no distribution restrictions. 



XB3 ITEMS WITH A POSITIVE DEMAND LEVEL 
AND A REORDER POINT OF ZERO 

MSGT TONY PARRISH 

AFLMA FINAL REPORT LS199718901 
TEAM MEMBERS 

CAPTAIN BUDDY BERRY MR. JOHN DIETZ 

MSGT TONY NICHOLSON DR. DOUGLAS BLAZER 


JANUARY 1999 

Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies and their contractors for reasons of administrative or 
operational use, Jan 99. Other requests for this document shall be referred to AFI.MA/LGS. 

AIR FORCE LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT AGENCY 


MAXWELL AFB, GUNTER ANNEX AL 36114-3236 


OTIC QUALITY WSIBOTED 2 


19990426 038 


Figure 4: Sample page with a notice of restricted distribution 




AFRL-VA-WP-TP-2003-315 

UAV TASK ASSIGNMENT WITH 
TIMING CONSTRAINTS 

Corey Schumacher 
Phillip Chandler 
Meir Pachter 


JULY 2003 


Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 


This material is declared a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright 
protection in the United States. 



AIR VEHICLES DIRECTORATE 

AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY 

AIR FORCE MATERIEL COMMAND 

WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, OH 45433-7542 


20030822 055 


Figure 5: Sample page with no distribution restrictions 


5.1.4 Format Information 

Reports produced in digital format should provide easily-accessible metadata describing the 
programs used in producing the report. Creators of reports should also consider the original 
and on-going accessibility of items requiring unique or specialized hardware or software not 
normally used by their primary audience. 

5.1.5 Report Documentation Page 

Agencies within the federal government use a Report Documentation Page (e.g., a National 
Technical Information Service bibliographic data sheet or Standard Form 298) in addition to a 
title section. It is an optional component for academic and industrial reports. 

Appendix E shows a sample Report Documentation Page containing all pertinent 
bibliographic data about the report (including keywords or identifiers) necessary for librarians, 
information specialists, and others concerned with information processing and handling. An 
abstract of 200 words or fewer is an integral part of this section. Some federal agencies 
require that reports prepared for them under contract or grant include a Report 
Documentation Page and specify its location. Academic and industrial report producers that 
use a report documentation page frequently place it as the final component of back matter. A 
Report Documentation Page is not listed in the table of contents unless it appears as back 
matter; however, it is paginated whether it appears as front or back matter. Instructions for 
completing a report documentation page appear in Appendix E of this Standard. 

5.1.6 Abstract 

An abstract, a required component, presents a concise (approximately 200 words, although 
the length may vary; there may be restrictions in some automated databases) informative 
statement of the purpose, scope, methods, and major findings of the report, including results, 
conclusions, and recommendations. The informative abstract retains the tone and scope of 
the report but omits the details. The abstract typically appears in a separate section between 
the title section and table of contents, although reports that use a Report Documentation 
Page include the abstract as bibliographic data entered on the form. Because abstracts are 
also published by abstracting services to assist potential readers in determining if they are 
interested in the report, an abstract is independent of the rest of the report. An abstract 
contains no undefined symbols, abbreviations, or acronyms and makes no reference to 
references or illustrative material. ANSI/NISO Z39.14-1997 (R2002), Guidelines for Abstracts, 
the standard for preparing informative abstracts, provides examples of abstracts as well as 
guidance on their presentation and style. 

An executive summary (see 5.2.1) may be used as an alternative to an abstract and includes 
information similar to an abstract, but in slightly more detail. An executive summary should 
not exceed 10 pages, dependent on the length of the report. 

5.1.7 Contents 

The required contents section identifies the heading and location of, or link to, each major 
section of the front matter (excluding the title page and the contents section itself), the 
content, and the back matter. A contents section helps readers understand the organization 
and scope of a report. Headings in a table of contents are worded, spelled, punctuated, and 
numbered, if used, exactly as they are in the report. Creators should consider that page 


numbers of digital items may not be static and alternate methods of efficient access may be 
needed. Figure 6 shows a sample contents section. 


Contents 

Abstract .iii 

Figures.vi 

Tables.vii 

Foreword.viii 

Preface.ix 

Summary.2 

Introduction.5 

Methods, Assumptions, and Procedures.6 

Electrofishing.7 

Sample Preparation.8 

Water Analysis.9 

Statistics.10 

Site Description .11 

RM 38.11 

RM 24.12 

RM 19.12 

Results and Discussion.13 

Physical and Chemical Parameters.13 

Fish Parameters.17 

Species Richness .17 

Species Diversity Indices .19 

Weight/Length Distributions.21 

Sampling Adequacy.23 

Conclusions.25 

Recommendations.27 

References.29 

Appendix: Weekly Fish Collection Data.31 

Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms.43 

Glossary.45 


Figure 6: Sample table of contents section 

It is useful to include a list of subheadings in the contents section at the beginning of each 
major report section that is more than 20 pages in length. Subheadings are also helpful for 
understanding complex material; however, not all levels of headings need to be listed in the 
contents section. First- and second-level headings may suffice. However, if any subheading 
of a given level is listed in the table of contents, all subheadings of that level must be 
included. (See also 6.4, Designation, for an explanation of page numbering.) Organizations 
may opt for a variation in the order of the table of contents. For instance, a preface may 
follow the title page to set the context of the report and precede the table on contents. 

5.1.8 List(s) of Figures and Tables 

If a report contains more than five figures or tables, or some combination totaling more than 
five, a list of figures and/or tables is required. If a report contains fewer than five figures or 
tables, a list is optional. Figures and tables in the table of contents are numbered, worded, 
spelled, and punctuated exactly as they are in the report. The lists of figures and tables, titled 
“Figures” and “Tables,” respectively, follow the contents section. If the table of contents fills 
only half a page, the lists of figures and tables may follow the table of contents on the same 


page. If lists of figures and tables are included in a report, all figures and tables are listed with 
their corresponding locations. A list of figures precedes a list of tables. If a report has many 
figures and few tables or few figures and many tables, they can be combined into a single list 
(“Figures and Tables”) with figures preceding tables. 

5.1.9 Foreword 

The foreword is a conditional introductory statement that presents background material or 
places in context a report that is part of a series. It is written by an authority in the field other 
than the creator of the report. The name and affiliation of the creator of the foreword follow 
the last paragraph. A foreword and a preface are not interchangeable, and the information in 
them is not redundant. If both are included, the foreword precedes the preface. 

5.1.10 Preface 

A preface is a conditional introductory statement that announces the purpose and scope of 
the report and acknowledges the contributions of individuals not identified as authors/creators 
or editors. Sometimes a preface specifies the audience for which a report is intended; it may 
also highlight the relationship of the report to a specific project or program. Material that is 
necessary for understanding the report belongs in the introduction not the preface. 

A preface is usually written by the author/creator, editor, or other party responsible for the 
report. The name and affiliation do not appear at the end of the preface unless there might be 
doubt about its authorship. The preface follows the lists of figures and tables and optional 
foreword and begins a separate section titled “Preface.” 

5.1.11 Acknowledgments 

Acknowledgments of technical assistance that contributed to the content of the report are 
made at an appropriate place in the preface or in the text; however, lengthy 
acknowledgments are often made in a conditional section titled “Acknowledgments.” This 
section follows the preface, in which case the preface does not contain acknowledgments. If 
there is no preface, “Acknowledgments” follows the contents section (or list(s) of figures and 
tables and foreword). 


5.2 Body Matter 

The body is the part of the report in which the creator describes methods, assumptions, and 
procedures, then presents and discusses the results and draws conclusions and 
recommends actions based on those results. The organization of a report depends on its 
subject matter and audience as well as its purpose. (See Appendix D for sample 
organizational models.) Thus, the organization of the content may vary widely and the 
organization of the report may be divided into sections or chapters. Information on the 
content follows. 

5.2.1 Summary 

A summary is a required component of a report. It clearly states the key points of the report— 
including the problem under investigation, the principal results and conclusions, and a 
recommended course of action for decision makers. The summary differs from the abstract 
(see 5.1.6) in purpose, audience, and length. Because the summary restates key points, 
material not included in the text does not appear in the summary. Introductory material 


(purpose, scope, and organization), descriptive material (nature and method of investigation), 
and the most important results and conclusions are summarized, with emphasis on the 
findings of the research and recommendations. 

Although a summary depends on the content in that it introduces no new information, it is 
independent from the user’s point of view; therefore, all symbols, abbreviations, and 
acronyms are defined, and unusual terms are explained. A summary does not contain 
references or cross-references to other sections of the report. 

If a print report exceeds 50 pages, a separate executive summary is often prepared for a 
management-level audience. An Executive Summary is a non-technical presentation that 
provides an adequate level of detail for decision makers needing a basic understanding of a 
research problem and the major findings but who do not plan to read the report in its entirety. 
Some Executive Summaries contain fiscal and political implications of the recommendations 
or results; such indications are frequently not a part of the report. Some organizations may 
opt to place the summary as the last component of the front matter instead of the first 
component of the text. 

5.2.2 Introduction 

The required introduction provides readers with general information they need to understand 
more detailed information in the rest of the report. It introduces the subject, purpose, scope, 
and way the author/creator plans to develop the topic. The introduction also indicates the 
audience for the report: who is expected to read it and act on its recommendations or review 
its findings (this information may also be included in the preface). The introduction does not, 
however, include findings, conclusions, or recommendations. 

The statement of the subject defines the topic and associated terminology and may include 
the theory behind the subject, its historical background, its significance, and a review of 
pertinent literature. The statement of the purpose indicates the reason for the investigation; 
the statement of the scope indicates the extent and limits of the investigation. The 
author/creator’s plan for developing the report usually presents a narrative outline of the 
body. 

5.2.3 Methods, Assumptions, and Procedures 

A description of the methods, assumptions, and procedures used in an investigation is a 
required component. A succinct explanation of them enables readers to evaluate the results 
without referring extensively to the references. The description should be complete enough 
that a knowledgeable reader could duplicate the procedures of the investigation. The system 
of measurement (for example, metric or English) is identified. If the research included 
apparatus, instruments, or reagents, a description of the apparatus, the design and precision 
of the instruments, and the nature of the reagents are explained in this required section of 
text. (See also 6.5, Units and Numbers.) 

5.2.4 Results and Discussion 

A required component of the report, results and their discussion can be presented in the 
same or in separate sections. The results section presents the findings based on the 
methods. The discussion section indicates the degree of accuracy and the significance of the 
results of the research described. Specific values used to substantiate conclusions appear in 
the body. Supporting details not essential to an understanding of the results appear in an 
appendix. Sometimes a section, “Presentation of Results,” includes figures and tables and 



their captions (titles). Such figures and tables appear as close as possible following their 
discussion in the text. The discussion accounts for the results but does not interpret them. 
(See also 6.2, Visual and Tabular Matter.) 

5.2.5 Conclusions 

The required conclusions section interprets findings that have been substantiated in the 
discussion of results and discusses their implications. The section introduces no new material 
other than remarks based on these findings. It includes the author’s/creator’s opinions and is 
written to be read independently of the text. The section could include a summary of the 
conclusions from similar studies, a conclusion based solely on the current results, or an 
overall conclusion. The following examples could be appropriate titles for this section: 

• Conclusions - if deductions independent of specific conditions of the investigation are 
made 

• Restatement of Results - if factual findings specific to the particular investigation are 
given 

• Concluding Remarks - if opinions are included in addition to findings and conclusions 

5.2.6 Recommendations 

The conditional recommendations section presents a course of action based on the results 
and conclusions of the study. Types of studies for which recommendations are often made 
include tests and experiments, field trials, specific design problems, feasibility studies, and 
market appraisals. Recommendations might include additional areas for study, alternate 
design approaches, or production decisions. Specific recommendations are presented in a 
numbered or bulleted list that is introduced by an informative lead-in sentence. 
Recommendations may also be included within the conclusions section. 

5.2.7 References 

The conditional references section, if used, appears as the last section of the body and 
begins on a new page in print publications. This section may also be called “Sources,” 

“Works Cited,” or “Bibliography,” depending on the nature of the referenced materials. 

To help readers use and assess referenced materials, all references include the following 
elements: name of author(s)/creator(s), title of referenced work, and publication data or 
digital-access information. If a government document is referenced, the National Technical 
Information Service (NTIS) number is included, when available, to facilitate user access to 
the report. 

References are prepared according to the accepted practice of the discipline of the primary 
author/creator of a report. (See also Appendix A.3, Style Manuals and Guides.) Three basic 
reference forms, each with its own advantage, are commonly used for reports. The number- 
identification system of citing material allows readers to locate references easily in a printed 
document. For this form, references are numbered consecutively with Arabic numbers in 
order of their first appearance in the text keyed to appropriate places in the text and fully 
identified in the successively numbered list of references. 

In the second form of referencing, the author-date format, authors’ names, and dates of 
publication or creation are cited in the text in parentheses and keyed to an alphabetically 
arranged list of references. The author-date style helps readers to associate facts and ideas 
with their originators and date of origin. 



In the third form of referencing, publications may be noted in the context of a footnote, 
endnote, or referenced link within a report and the complete bibliographic reference, which 
can also include the title, author/creator, publisher, date, and location of the publisher, 
including specific page numbers with a document (for example, a journal article), may be 
included in the back matter in a bibliography. 

If figures and tables are obtained from referenced material, the sources are identified in 
source or credit lines that are part of the figure(s) or table(s). A source or credit line contains 
adequate descriptive data to enable readers to verify the location of the original figure(s) or 
table(s). If the figure or table is used in its complete presentation (that is, both content and 
form), “Source” would be an appropriate lead-in to the citation. If either the content or form is 
modified, “Adapted from” would be appropriate lead-in wording. Such sources are not further 
identified in the list of references unless an additional reference to them appears in the text of 
the report. (See also 6.2, Visual and Tabular Matter.) 

References may include information gathered from a Web page or site. Most citations of 
material from Internet sources should follow rules for journal articles. 

Example: 

Virillio, Paul, "Speed and Information: Cyberspace Alarm!" CTHEORY, 

URL: http://www.freedonia.com/ctheory/, September 27, 1995. 

The URL or other path information appears instead of the volume and number cited for a 
conventional journal. It is frequently useful to the reader to know the date when the material 
was accessed. In such cases, “Accessed [date]” would be appropriate wording. 

Examples: 

Bailey, C. W., "Electronic Serials and Related Topics: A Brief Discourse," 

message to multiple recipients of list VPIEJ-L (VPIEJ-L@VTVM1 .BITNET), April 23, 1992. 

Carlyle, Paul, "Do Electronic Journals Make Sense?" message distributed on Internet 
by Paul Carlyle, RAND, June 1995 (e-mail carlyle@rand.org). 

For other views on game theory, see Sadim Adan, 
http://www.unkx.com/xxx.yyy, last modified September 19, 1995. 

Accessed November 17, 1999. 


5.3 Back Matter 

The back matter supplements and clarifies the body of the report (for example, appendices), 
makes the body easier to use (for example, glossary, lists of symbols, abbreviations and 
acronyms, and index), and shows where additional information can be found (for example, 
bibliography). Some organizations consider the reference section to be part of the back 
matter; if the pages following the front matter are numbered sequentially, it is immaterial to 
the reader if the reference or bibliography section is part of the body or the back matter. 

5.3.1 Appendices 

Appendices contain information that supplements, clarifies, or supports the content. These 
conditional components of back matter also contain material that might otherwise interfere 
with an orderly presentation of ideas in the body. Placing detailed explanations, supporting 
data, or long mathematical analyses in appendices shortens the text and makes it easier to 




read. However, information essential to the purpose of the report should appear in the text. 
For example, in a report about a new mathematical analysis, the detailed derivation of 
equations belongs in the text, while other subjects, such as those that follow, appear in 
appendices: 

• Detailed explanations and descriptions of test techniques and apparatus 

• Content of other documents (for example, standard test procedures, laws, and 
management instructions) 

• Extensive data in the form of figures or tables 

• Computer listings of programs, input, and output 

• Mathematical analyses 

Other components of back matter (for example, bibliographies) do not appear in appendices. 

Appendices usually follow the references or last section of the text. For print publications, 
each appendix begins on a new, right-hand page and has a title that appears below the 
appendix designation. 

Example: 

Appendix B 

Complementary Energy Principle 

Each appendix is referred to in the text. If the report contains more than one appendix, each 
is identified with a capital letter (Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.) in the order mentioned in the 
report. A single appendix is labeled, “Appendix.” Similar items may be combined to avoid 
creating unnecessary appendices. For example, several sample forms can be combined in a 
single appendix and labeled “Sample Forms” rather than each being identified as a separate 
appendix. 

Although figures and tables are best integrated into the text following their initial mention, 
figures, tables, or other graphics of secondary importance that provide back-up data should 
be combined into an appendix. In appendices, figures precede tables, with both groups 
arranged in numerical sequence. 

5.3.2 Bibliography 

A conditional section, a bibliography lists additional sources of information not referenced in 
the text. If a bibliography is included in addition to the list of references (part of the text), the 
bibliography follows the appendix(es). A bibliography is unnecessary if the references in the 
text constitute a complete list of sources of information. Bibliographic entries are usually 
arranged alphabetically by author/creator, but any logical order may be used if it is explained 
and is consistent. In print publications (or electronic reports that maintain the "page" look and 
feel), the bibliography section begins on a new page and is titled, “Bibliography.” 

5.3.3 List(s) of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms 

If there are numerous symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms in a report (more than five that 
are not readily recognized as standard in the field), or if there is a chance that readers will not 
understand them, a report requires a list of all symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms with an 
explanation of each. The list of symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms begins on a new page 
in print publications. (See also 6.9, Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms.) Some 



organizations may include this section as part of the front matter to ensure that the reader is 
quickly aware of its existence. 

5.3.4 Glossary 

A conditional section, the glossary is a list of terms defined and explained to facilitate a 
reader’s comprehension of the report when numerous terms requiring definition are used. 

The glossary is part of the back matter, and glossary terms may also be defined at their first 
mention. Glossary terms are arranged in alphabetical order with each on a separate line 
followed by its definition. The glossary section, titled “Glossary,” begins on a new page in 
print publications. Some organizations may include this section as part of the front matter to 
ensure that the reader is quickly aware of its existence. 

5.3.5 Index 

An index is an alphabetical listing of all major topics discussed in a report. An index is 
optional in short reports (fewer than 50 print pages), but reports of 50 pages or more usually 
contain one to help readers locate specific information. An index entry cites the page or 
location where the topic can be found, affording readers quick reference on a particular topic. 
An index may identify and locate information, indicate its nature and scope, identify related 
entries, and clarify relationships between entries. The arrangement and level of detail of the 
index are determined by the structure of the report, its target audience, and its anticipated 
uses. 

The most common type of index for a report is the subject index in which subjects are 
presented alphabetically. Other types of indexes (for example, name index, number, and 
code index) may also be used. They are placed before the subject index in the back matter. 

In preparing an index, the number and kind of access points (entry locations) and the 
information level of indexable matter (for example, abstract or concrete) are determined. 

Each index entry has a heading (first element) and a locator (page, section number, or linking 
information) where information about the entry is found. Terms used as report headings are 
included in the index. The index contains all terms likely to be sought by the intended 
audience. 

5.3.6 Distribution List 

If included, the distribution list follows the index (or glossary, if there is no index). The list 
indicates the complete mailing address of the individuals and organizations receiving copies 
of the report and the number of copies received. The Privacy Act of 1974 forbids federal 
agencies from listing the names and home addresses of individuals, so in a government 
report a distribution list contains business addresses only. Distribution lists provide a 
permanent record of initial distribution. In the case of classified reports, restricted-distribution 
reports, and reports containing proprietary data, such lists are extremely valuable as they can 
be used later for communicating instructions regarding handling and classification 
downgrading. A distribution list is also useful if errata are discovered and changes are issued 
to correct a report. (See also 6.12, Errata.) 


==Presentation and Display==


This section discusses standard methods for ensuring consistency in presentation: designing 
visual and tabular matter; formatting; presenting units, numbers, formulas, and equations; 
incorporating footnotes, endnotes, references, and bibliographic entries; preparing lists of 
symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms; formatting glossaries and indexes; and correcting 
errata after publication. Within each subsection, a distinction is made between rules 
applicable to all reports regardless of mode of publication (e.g., paper, CD-ROM, or Web) 
and rules applicable to reports published in paper form. 


===Subordination=== 

6.1.1 General 

Indicate subordination of ideas by using headings and subheadings to divide the report into 
manageable sections, call attention to main topics, and signal changes in topics. Most reports 
require no more than five levels of headings. 

Consistency of presentation is important in showing subordinate relationships. Many reports 
use a decimal numbering system to show relationships and to simplify extensive cross- 
referencing. An alternate format for subordination uses a progression of fonts. Indicate 
headings and subheadings by bold font with initial capital letters for principal words. Indicate 
primary headings by using a larger font than that used for non-primary headings. Align 
primary and secondary headings flush with the left column of text and run in other headings 
with indented text. 

6.1.2 Print-Specific Guidelines 

Begin each major section on a new page. 

6.1.3 Non-Print-Specific 

In the digital environment, delineate sections in a way that is easy to understand and access, 
with full links included as required. 


6.2 Visual and Tabular Matter 
6.2.1 General 

Many of the data in reports are presented in figures and tables as well as in the text. Figures 
provide visual representations in the form of graphs, line drawings, diagrams, photographs, 
etc. Tables arrange large amounts of quantitative data in an ordered space. Follow these 
guidelines to ensure that figures and tables are effectively integrated with the text of a report: 

• Mention each figure and/or table in the text. 

• Locate each figure or table near, but never before, its first mention in the text of print 
reports. Provide an interior link between the mention of a figure or table and its place in a 
digital document if not on the same screen as the text. 

• If a figure or table is central to the comprehension of the text, include it in the text. If 



figures or tables provide only supplementary information, place them in an appendix (see 
also 5.3.1). Mention any material in an appendix in the text; otherwise it lacks context. 

• Ensure that the amount of text discussion associated with each figure or table adequately 
reflects its importance to the report, the level of complexity of the information illustrated or 
tabulated, and the level of knowledge of anticipated readers. Figure legends can be used 
to provide further explanation. 

• Number figures in the text with consecutive Arabic numbers (for example, Figure 1, 

Figure 2). Number those pertaining only to appendices consecutively for each appendix 
(for example, Figure A1, Figure A2, Figure B1). Number tables consecutively and 
independently of figures, with Arabic numbers (for example, Table 1, Table 2,...Table 8). 

If an appendix contains its own tables in addition to tables in the text, identify and number 
the appendix tables consecutively after the text tables (for example, Table 22, Appendix 
Table A1). If there is more than one appendix, begin table numbers again in each (for 
example, Table A1, Table A2, Table B1, Table B2). 

• Provide a descriptive title for figures and tables to aid in comprehension and to be used in 
the front matter list of figures and tables. 

6.2.1.1 Print-Specific Guidelines 

Adopt vertical rather than horizontal orientation for figures and tables so they can be viewed 
without turning a printed page sideways. If possible, redesign oversized figures or tables that 
fold in to fit a standard 8-1/2 x 11-inch page with vertical orientation. If a figure or table cannot 
be redesigned to fit on a page vertically, turn the image counterclockwise to fit the page. If a 
figure or table cannot be reduced to fit a standard page, redesign it to fit two facing pages. 


6.2.1.2 Non-Print-Specific 

If possible, format visual material so it can be viewed on a single screen at normal resolution, 
taking into consideration the variations found in viewing items on the Web through different 
browsers. 

6.2.2 Figures 

Figures (for example, graphs and charts, diagrams, photographs, schematic drawings, etc.) 
play a significant role in presenting and clarifying technical ideas. (See also Appendix A.7, 
Graphic Arts.) Normally, a figure should emphasize one main idea and show no more than is 
necessary. Figures should have informative titles (captions) that summarize the figure and, 
as needed, callouts that clearly and concisely identify each part. The figure number and title 
should appear below the figure. The title describes the content without giving background 
information, results, or comments about the figure. The placement and alignment of callouts 
should be consistent within the report. Callouts are best placed horizontally and unboxed, 
and straight lines (leaders) connect callouts to the part(s) identified in a figure. Any symbols, 
abbreviations, or acronyms that appear in figures or tables but not in the text should be 
explained in a key or defined in a caption. Identify footnotes to figures independently of text 
footnotes using superscript, lowercase letters beginning with “a” in each figure. If using 
lowercase letters leads to ambiguity, as with chemical or mathematical formulas, use a 
sequence of symbols (*, t, t, §, ||, #, **, etc.). The type of figure used depends on the type of 
information being presented: graphs show relationships among data; diagrams portray 
relationships among components; photographs realistically depict general appearance; and 
drawings emphasize essential elements and omit unnecessary details. 

The purpose of a figure, its reproducibility, and convenience of location for report readers are 
factors in preparation. Line art, original photographs, and digital image files are preferable for 



reproduction. Color is often necessary for comprehension. If not, its use should be carefully 
considered because of limited reproducibility as well as cost. Figure 7 shows an example of 
color substitutes: screens, crosshatching, patterned lines or similar techniques are effective 
substitutes for color. 


□I WordFrame ■ WordPerfect 

□ MakerTeX n IslandWrite 

□ TeX □ All others 



Software Use by Directorate 

Figure 7: Example of graphic devices used as color substitutes 


Gauge graphic techniques to viewing capabilities. Choose symbols, letters, and lines that are 
legible at the lowest likely resolution used by readers. Position letters and numbers on graphs 
and charts so they can be easily read from the bottom and right-hand side of the graphical 
representation. When graphs represent trend curves, place tick marks along the axes to 
indicate the required degree of approximation. If highly accurate readings are needed, use 
grid lines (or, better, use a table). Crop and size photographs to show only significant details. 
To ensure legibility, the minimum acceptable line weight for drawings is 8 points (3 mm). Do 
not use graphic devices such as borders, frames, title blocks, and background tones unless 
their use significantly improves clarity. 

6.2.3 Tables 

6.2.3.1 General 

Tables present detailed facts or statistics concisely in row-and-column format. A formal table 
has a table number and title placed above the data. The title describes the content without 
giving background information, results, or comments about the table. The first principle words 
of the title should reflect the content of the first column. The row head and column heads 
identify the tabulated data that appear in the body or cells of the table. 

Identify footnotes to tables independently of text footnotes using superscript, lowercase 
letters beginning with “a” in each table. If using lowercase letters leads to ambiguity, as with 
chemical or mathematical formulas, use a sequence of symbols (*, t, t, §, ||, #, **, etc.). 
Assign footnote letters in left-to-right and top-to-bottom order; place footnotes below the 
bottom line of the table. If a table or data in a table was obtained from a reference source, 




include a source line that identifies the reference. (See also 5.2.7, References.) Figure 8 
shows the parts of a table. 


Table 3. Table Number and Title. 

Stub Head 

Column Head 3 

Column Head b 

Row Head 

Data 

Data 

Data 


Source Line: 

3 Footnote to table appears here. 
b Footnote to table appears here. 

Figure 8: Nomenclature for the parts of a table 


Indicate units of measurement in the table title, the column heads, or in a note. If presented in 
the column heads, place units and symbols in parentheses and do not repeat them in the 
columns. If data are unavailable for a particular cell, use a dash to fill the vacancy. 

Use horizontal rules to separate a table from the title and row heading and column heads 
from the body of the table. Use vertical rules to separate columns if needed to ease 
reading/viewing of tabular material. 


6.2.3.2 Print-Specific Guidelines 

To enable print presentation of tables with multiple columns, it may be necessary to continue 
tabular columns on successive pages. If adopting this approach, repeat the table number and 
title, row head, and column head and note the continuation. Do not carry a table over unless 
at least two rows or columns will be included. Do not display a row across more than one 
page. 


6.2.3.3 Non-Print-Specific 

Format tables so they can be viewed on a single screen at normal resolution, taking into 
consideration the variations found in viewing items on the Web through different browsers. 


6.3 Presentation Format 

The physical appearance of a report, both text and graphics, constitutes format. The goal of 
any format is to enhance readability and comprehension by providing visual uniformity and a 
consistent subordination of ideas. Decisions about report formats should be based on 
principles of graphic design, keeping in mind format choices may be limited by contract 
specifications, in-house requirements, or the equipment used for publication or display. (See 
also Appendix A.7, Graphic Arts.) 


6.3.1 General 

6.3.1.1 Line Length 

Ragged right margins make reading easier. Avoid excessively ragged right margins by using 
a standard and a minimum line length. The minimum line length is 2 to 3 12-point characters 
(8 to 13 mm) shorter than the standard line length. A line ends with the word falling nearest 
the standard length, but does not exceed the standard length by more than two characters. 
For example, a single column of text intended for continuous reading (as opposed to 
reference material) may be presented in standard lines equivalent to 40 to 43 picas (169 to 
182 mm) wide. To minimize ragged right margins, a recommended minimum line length is 
equivalent to 38 picas (161 mm). If a report is presented in double-column format, the image 
area includes the space necessary to separate the columns, 1 to 2 12-point characters (4 to 
8 mm). A recommended minimum line length for double columns is 20 12-point characters 
(85 mm) per column with 2 additional 12-point characters (8 mm) between each column, a 
total of 42 12-point characters (178 mm). 

6.3.1.2 Font Choice 

A font size and style should be clearly legible. 

For report text, including mathematical notations, a 10- or 12-point (4- or 5-mm) serif font is 
the most comfortable font for readers. Smaller sizes can be used for non-text matter (for 
example, footnotes and indexes); however, 8 points (3 mm) is the smallest acceptable size 
for non-text matter. 

The availability and appearance of specialized characters for symbols, formulas, and 
equations are important considerations in selecting a font. 

6.3.2 Print-Specific 

6.3.2.1 Image Area 

The space allotted on a page or screen for textual, visual, or tabular matter is the image area. 
Observing a standard image area ensures the information on a page will not be lost during 
printing and binding. The normal image area on U.S. standard paper that is 8-1/2 by 11 
inches (216 by 279 mm) is 7-1/8 by 9-3/16 inches (182 by 233 mm) or, in type-setting 
terminology, 43 by 55 picas. The image area includes headers and footers, if used, and page 
numbers. For lead pages (for example, stand-alone material, such as the foreword or table of 
contents, and the first page of a chapter) subtract 1 inch (25 mm) from the top of the image 
area. 

6.3.2.2 Margins 

Margins set off the image area, which includes headers and footers. Although they are 
proportional, margins are not equal on all sides. By printing convention, the top margin is the 
narrowest, usually 1 inch (25 mm), and the outer margin is wider. The bottom margin is wider 
than both top and outer margins. To accommodate binding, the inner or gutter margin is the 
widest. The default margins for most word processing software observe these printing 
conventions. 



6.3.2.3 Paper and Ink 

Use U.S. standard size (8-1/2 by 11 inches (216 by 279 mm)) acid-free paper to produce 
paper copies of scientific and technical reports. Color, smoothness, and weight are factors in 
selecting paper. Type is most easily read against an off-white, uncoated stock; however, 
halftone illustrations (photographs) printed on coated paper are superior to those printed on 
uncoated. To ensure legibility and reproducibility, use black ink. 

6.3.2.4 Printing Equipment 

A laser or laser-quality printer with a minimum 300-dpi (dots per inch) resolution produces 
acceptable camera-ready copy for text and line work. If photographs or high-resolution 
graphics are included electronically in a report, use a printer with 600-dpi or higher resolution 
to print them. 


6.4 Designation 

6.4.1 General 

For ease of use and reference, delimit and uniquely identify segments of a report. For 
traditional paper reports, the segments are usually pages. For reports published in digital 
form, they may be pages, but are more likely to be paragraphs or screens. 

Once the segments of a report have been determined, use consecutive Arabic numbers to 
designate them. When reproducing appendix information from another source, retain the 
designation of the original source in addition to designation for inclusion in the appendix. If a 
report is divided into sections or chapters because of its length or scope, number the text, 
exclusive of front matter and back matter, sequentially from one part to the next. 

6.4.2 Print-Specific 

Place page numbers in the same place on each page (for example, bottom right) or in a 
consistent place on mirror-image pages (for example, upper outer corner). Do not place 
hyphens, parentheses, or other punctuation marks around page numbers. 

Number front matter with consecutive lowercase roman numerals. Do not show page 
numbers on the cover or title page, but consider the title page as page i. Begin a table of 
contents on a new odd-numbered right-hand page. 

Begin the text of each volume of a multivolume report on a new page 1. 

The structure and nature of a report govern the optional use of headers and footers in the 
text. Do not place headers and footers on lead pages, on the first page of the table of 
contents, or in the preface. Use running headers to help locate information in long, complex 
reports. 

When running headers appear on right-hand pages, use the last text heading on the page as 
the header. When running headers appear on left-hand pages, use the first text heading to 
appear as the header. If using section titles as headings, use them as running headers 
throughout the section. Running headers used for a section of notes in the back matter 
should show inclusive page numbers where the relevant references are found (for example, 
Notes to Pages 23-31). 

===Units and Numbers===

Present standard units of measurement clearly, concisely, and consistently in reports. The 
preferred standard for units is the International System of Units (SI). If another system is 
used, the corresponding SI units may appear in parentheses. If two systems of measurement 
are used, indicate the systems in the “Methods, Assumptions, and Procedures” section and in 
a statement at the beginning of the list of symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms. (See also 
5.2.3, Methods, Assumptions, and Procedures.) 

Abbreviate units used with specific numbers (for example, 3.7 m) except where a potential 
exists for misinterpretation; otherwise, spell out units. For SI units derived from proper 
names, show the symbols in initial capital letters (for example, Hz and N); use lowercase 
letters for units that are spelled out (for example, hertz and newtons). Write SI symbols in 
singular form; IEEE/ASTM SI-10-2002, American National Standard for Use of the 
International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System, provides detailed information 
on using SI symbols and units. 

Always use Arabic numbers to express units of measurement and time in mathematical 
expressions, decimals, percentages, and proportions. For other expressions, the following 
apply: 

• If a sentence contains only one number and it is greater than nine, indicate it as a 
numeral; if a number is nine or less, spell it out. 

• Always spell out a number at the beginning of a sentence. 

• Use numerals for a group of two or more numbers if one of them is 10 or greater (for 
example, a capacitor having 3 leads, 2 pairs of controls, and 12 settings). 

• The same guidelines apply to ordinal numbers, but treat ordinals and cardinals separately 
if they appear together (for example, the 5th and 14th groups, containing six and seven 
items, respectively). 

• Use Arabic numbers for all numbering systems (page and section, table, figure, and 
reference numbers), except for roman-numeral pagination of front matter (for example, 
page iii). 


6.6 Formulas and Equations 

Present formulas and equations in sentence form and punctuate them for clarity and 
consistency; however, do not begin a sentence with a formula or equation. 

Clarify complicated mathematical formulas and derivations by defining symbols below the 
formula or derivation or as is customary in the discipline, relating equations to one another 
and describing the physical reality represented by the mathematics. Chemical symbols need 
not be defined unless the author/creator chooses to do so for clarification. Use marginal 
notes to identify modifications of symbols (for example, prime marks) and to distinguish 
between the letter “O” and “0” (zero); the letter “I” and the number “1”; the letter “x” and the 
multiplication sign (x). Clearly indicate superscripts and subscripts. 

Include brief formulas and equations as part of the text if the formula or equation fits on one 
line. If a formula or equation is displayed set off from the text, center or indent it, depending 
on its length. For consistent presentation and cross-referencing in a report with extensive 
notation, display and number all equations. Italicize formulas and equations, whether 
included as part of the text or displayed. 


Enclose equation numbers in parentheses at the right-hand margin with a minimum of 
1/4 inch between the last term in the equation and the equation number. Place the equation 
number on the same line of a single-line equation and on the last line of a multi-line equation. 

If a long formula or equation does not fit on a single line, break it before an operational sign 
(plus, minus, times, integral, etc.) or after an expression enclosed with parentheses, brackets, 
etc. 

Use an extra line space between the lines when a formula or equation is carried over 
because of its length. A number of computer software packages supporting the presentation 
of equations automatically provide correct line spacing. An example of a multi-line equation 
split to fit on a page is shown in Figure 9. 


Jo Jo E(n ^ ) N ^ 1 '^ dl l 

-f/.V, 

rJF cJN; 


rJF rJN/ _ c)¥ dN/ _ £ M ( d FdN/ 

0 j 0 L dll d£, X \df| dll 


~ /3M dF XT \ dM dF 
35*5/ '\^T 1 dr, N 7 34 «; ' 

+ K 2 (3K x - K|)MFN/+- K 2 (k|- 1)FN/ 


- 3K 2 K£MFN,+ k 2 k|m 3 fn / 


dn d£ 


Figure 9: Sample multi-line equation with extra space before and after 


Define chemical symbols if definition enhances their comprehension. Use close spacing for 
chemical symbols, numbers, or line bonds in a formula. Chemical equations may be run in or 
displayed set off from text. Use roman (English) type rather than italics to form chemical 
symbols. If displayed, they should be numbered in sequence, and the equation numbers 
placed to the right of the reaction. Number chemical equations consecutively and 
independently of mathematical equations. 

If a chemical equation is too long to fit on one line, break it after the arrow. Align the first 
element of the runover line with the last element of the preceding line. Leave extra line 
spacing between the lowest part of the first line and the highest part of the next line. An 
example of a chemical equation broken after the arrow is shown in Figure 10: 


Co(NH 3 ) 6 3+ + 6H 3 Cr ^ 


Co(H 2 0) 6 3+ + 6NH 4 ^ 

K — 1O 20 

C 


Figure 10: Sample chemical equation spread over two lines 



===Footnotes or Endnotes===

Include footnotes or endnotes in a report only to clarify information in the text; keep them as 
brief as possible. To avoid preparing footnotes or endnotes, incorporate material into the text 
by enclosing it in parentheses or placing it in a separate paragraph. 

Use superscript Arabic numbers to key notes to the portion of the text they clarify. Number 
notes consecutively through the text; place footnotes at the bottom of the page on which each 
occurs and place endnotes at the end of the section of text they clarify. If a footnote runs 
longer than its page margin, complete the footnote at the bottom of the subsequent page, 
preceding any footnote(s) for that page. If a footnote clarifies tabular information, use a 
superscript sequence of lowercase letters or symbols to avoid confusion with text footnotes. 
(See also 6.2.3, Tables.) 


6.8 References and Bibliographic Entries 

Indent the first line of a reference and align subsequent lines flush with the left margin. Align 
entries in a bibliography flush left without paragraph indentation. If a bibliographic entry runs 
longer than a single line, uniformly indent subsequent runover lines. Alternatively, maintain a 
flush left placement and enter a blank line between bibliographic entries. 


6.9 Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms 
6.9.1 General 

Spell out symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms at their first use in the text to ensure that 
readers understand them. However, do not define standard mathematical notation, chemical 
symbols (unless needed for clarification; see: 6.6), and known abbreviations of measurement 
unless the potential exists for misinterpretation. Write out an acronym the first time it is used 
in the text, and include it in a list of symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms. Use symbols that 
are standard in the discipline of the report. Appendix A, Selected Annotated Bibliography, 

A.6, Standards and Symbols, includes standards for symbols used in many disciplines. If no 
standard has been established for a concept, consult related scientific or technical literature 
for a symbol in general use. When they occur in lists, present symbols, abbreviations, and 
acronyms in descending order, as follows: 

• Numbers 

• Roman (English) alphabet capital letters 

• Roman (English) alphabet lowercase letters 

• Greek alphabet capital letters 

• Greek alphabet lowercase letters 

• Subscripts 

• Superscripts 

• Special notes 

If a symbol, abbreviation, or acronym has more than one definition, separate the explanations 
by a semicolon and explain each definition at its first use in the report. 


6.9.2 Print-Specific 

Display symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms and their definitions in two columns with the 
abbreviations and acronyms listed in alpha-numeric order and aligned with the left margin. 
Begin each entry on a new line, followed in the second column by its definition. Leave 
adequate space between the longest symbol, abbreviation, or acronym and its definition and 
align the rest of the entries in the list(s) accordingly. 


===Glossary Entries===

Arrange glossary entries in alphabetical order and align them with the left margin. Uniformly 
indent subsequent lines or maintain flush left with the left margin and enter a blank line 
between glossary entries. Begin each definition with a capital letter and end it with a period. 


6.11 Index Entries 

6.11.1 General 

Always use lower case unless an entry begins with a proper name; indent entries uniformly 
for each level of modification. Indent runover lines deeper than the deepest subentry. 

6.11.2 Print-Specific 

It is customary to arrange index entries on printed pages so they appear single-spaced in a 
two- or three-column format. 

6.11.3 Non-Print-Specific 

Best practice is to provide links between index terms and what they reference. 


6.12 Errata 
6.12.1 General 

If errors severe enough to cause misunderstanding are discovered too late for correction prior 
to the distribution of a report, send an errata sheet or update that identifies the report and the 
error(s) to initial and subsequent recipients. 

Identify an error in the text by line; identify an error in a formula or an equation by number 
and the correction noted. The following form is used for corrections: 


Page 

Reads 

Should Read 

37, line 5 

cosine of the angle 

sine of the angle 

Paragraph 

Reads 

Should Read 

5.12, line 2 

cosine of the angle 

sine of the angle 



6.12.2 Print-Specific 

For printed reports, insert the errata sheet immediately following the cover. 

6.12.3 Non-Print-Specific 

When errors are corrected in a digital environment, notice of the version being accessed 
should be included in the metadata. 



Appendix A 

Selected Annotated Bibliography 


(This appendix is not part of ANSI/NISO Z39.18-2005, Scientific and Technical Reports - Preparation, Presentation 
and Preservation. It is included for information only.) 


A.1. General 

This annotated bibliography is intended to help authors and editors organize, design, and publish 
reports. The bibliography is extensive but not exhaustive. The absence of a particular publication is 
no reflection of its quality or usefulness. The list is simply a starting point for the user to begin to build 
a professional reference collection or consult a particular source to answer a question. Using a 
particular source depends on factors such as personal preference, subject matter, and the specific 
needs of the user. 

The bibliography is divided into seven categories: 

• A.2: Writing, usage, style, grammar, and English language dictionaries 

• A.3: Style manuals and guides 

• A.4: Specialized dictionaries, encyclopedias, and handbooks 

• A.5: Technical writing materials 

• A.6: Standards and symbols 

• A.7: Library reference materials 

• A.8: Graphic arts 

• A.9: Typography and publication design 

Reasonable attempts were made to identify and include the classic or standard sources for each 
category. Several sources and numerous individuals were consulted in compiling the bibliography. 
Each citation was verified for correctness, most recent edition, and availability. To the best of our 
knowledge, no out-of-print sources were included. 


A.2. Writing, Usage, Style, Grammar, and English-Language Dictionaries 

Barzun, Jacques, Simple and Direct: A Rhetoric for Writers, rev. ed., New York: Harper and Row, 1994. 

A thorough discussion of faults in prose and their remedies. Proceeds from word choice through sequence 
and linkage, tone, meaning, structure, and revision. 

Bernstein, Theodore M., Bernstein's Reverse Dictionary, 2nd ed., New York: Times Books, 1988. 

Essential for the word-conscious reader and writer. Takes you from definition to word. 

Bernstein, Theodore M., The Careful Writer: A Modern Guide to English Usage, New York: Atheneum, 1965. 

An alphabetically arranged list of usages, good and bad, with a discussion of why they should be embraced, 
tolerated, or shunned. A guide for manuscript editors. 

Bernstein, Theodore M., Miss Thistlebottom’s Hobgoblins: The Careful Writer’s Guide to the Taboos, Bugbears, 
and Outmoded Rules of English Usage, New York: Simon and Schuster, rev. ed., 1991. 

A discussion of invalid and outmoded rules commonly applied to prose and usage. A guide for both writers 
and editors. 



DeVries, Mary A., The New American Dictionary of Abbreviations, New York: Penguin Books, 1991. 

Provides extensive coverage of standard abbreviations and their definitions. 

Ebbitt, Wilma R. and David R. Ebbitt, Index to English, 8th ed., NY: Oxford University Press, 1990. 

A comprehensive reference book that includes articles on grammar, parts of speech, sentence structure, 
diction, punctuation, mechanics, logic, rhetoric, and style. Arranged alphabetically. 

Follett, Wilson, Modem American Usage: A Guide, revised by Erik Wensberg, New York: Hill and Wang, 1998. 

A dictionary of usage containing essays on a number of questions of concern to authors and editors. 

Fowler, H. W., A Dictionary of Modem English Usage, 2nd ed., revised by Ernest Gowers, New York: Greenwich 
House, 1991. 

A classic work on English usage offering guidance to both writers and editors. There is a 3rd edition edited by 
R. W. Burchfield, The New Fowler’s Modern English Usage, 3rd ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. 

Hodges, John C. and Cheryl Glenn, Hodge’s Harbrace College Handbook, 15th ed., NY: Heinle, 2003. 

A standard college grammar book. A comprehensive, yet concise, summary of grammar and usage. 

Keene, Michael L., and Katherine H. Adams, Easy Access: with APA Update, 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 
2002 . 

An excellent grammar handbook. Has sections on "Common Writing Problems" and "The Basics From A to 
Z." A handy reference to questions about grammar or word usage. 

Mager, Nathan H., and Sylvia K. Mager, Prentice-Hall Encyclopedic Dictionary of English Usage, 2nd ed., 
Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1992. 

A combination dictionary, grammar guide, and style manual. Contains over 15,000 entries listed alphabetically 
and gives accepted rules, styles, and usage. 

McArthur, Tom, Ed., Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language, New York, NY: Oxford University 
Press, 1998. 

Short articles cover virtually every aspect of language such as grammar, literary terms, linguistics, rhetoric, 
style, sexist language, child language acquisition, and the history of the language. Covers the period from the 
Roman era to the 1990s. 

O'Hare, Frank, and Robert Funk, The Modern Writer's Handbook, 5th ed., Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2000. 
Comprehensive in coverage. Includes a full treatment of writing and research processes; focused on user- 
friendly features to promote reader self-help in writing and revision. 

Roget’s International Thesaurus, 6th ed., revised by Robert L. Chapman, New York: HarperCollins, 2001. 

A classic dictionary of synonyms that indexes relationships among words. A guide for word choice by authors 
and editors. 

Strong, William, English Matters!, Danbury, Conn.: Grolier Educational, 2000. 

A nontechnical resource for a variety of questions related to the English language. Presented in 10 (small) 
volumes. Introduces, defines, and discusses keywords and phrases relevant to the study of English. Arranged 
alphabetically. Includes spelling and vocabulary, grammar and usage, thinking skills, mechanics and 
punctuation, research, test-taking, and words commonly confused. 

Strunk, William, Jr., and E. B. White, The Elements of Style, 4th ed., Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1999. 

A short classic offering practical advice on achieving a clear writing style. A good resource for both authors 
and editors. 

Pickett, Joseph, ed., The American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001. 

A standard American dictionary that provides a thorough discussion of usage. 

Trimmer, Joseph F., Writing with a Purpose, 14th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003. 

A standard college writing book. Covers various elements of the writing process including planning, revising, 
paragraph development, sentence patterns, diction, and tone and style. 




Truss, Lynne, Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero-Tolerance Approach to Punctuation, New York: Gotham Books, 
2004. 

A sometimes hilarious book that definitively makes the case that punctuation matters and tells the reader how 
to ensure that he or she is doing the job properly. 

Webster’s 11th New Collegiate Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 2003. 

Prepared after the parent work, the collegiate represents the later thinking of the editors on the principles of 
word division and frequently departs from the divisions given in the unabridged version. 

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam- 
Webster, 1993. 

A standard dictionary for the spelling of English words and a basic reference for any editorial office or library. 


A.3. Style Manuals and Guides 

Anderson, James D. Guidelines for Indexes and Related Information Retrieval Devices. Bethesda (MD): National 
Information Standards Organization; 1997. Report No: NISO TR02 1997. ISBN: 1-880124-36-X. Available from: 
http ://www. n iso ,o rq/sta nd a rds/resources/tr02 .pdf 

Cathcart, M. E., STI Handbook: Guidelines for Producing, Using, and Managing Scientific and Technical 
Information in the Department of the Navy (A Handbook for Navy Scientists and Engineers on the Use of 
Scientific and Technical Information), San Diego, Calif.: Office of Naval Technology, 1992. 

Provides specific guidelines for U.S. Navy authors on preparing reports. Prepared for the Office of Naval 
Technology by the Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center, RDT&E Division, 

San Diego, CA. 

Huth, Edward J., Ed., Council of Biology Editors, Scientific Style and Format, 6th ed., New York: Cambridge 
University Press, 1994. 

A style manual including sections on grammar, writing style, and indexing. Especially useful for authors of 
works in special fields of biology. Provides guidance on the treatment of mathematical and statistical 
information and abbreviations. 

Dodd, Janet S., Ed. The ACS Style Guide. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1997. 

A comprehensive description of the scientific literature and its production, including its economic-legal nexus. 

Most importantly, a compendium of guides to editorial decisions involving a large array of the typographic 
expression of scientific concepts. 

Hansen, Wallace R., Ed., Suggestions to Authors of the Reports of the United States Geological Survey, 7th ed., 
S/N 024-001-03010-1, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991. 

A guide providing detailed information on specific geological expressions and references to works in the field. 
Contains a short grammar section. 

Harvard Law Review et al., The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, 17th ed., Cambridge, Mass.: The 
Harvard Law Review Association, 2000. 

Provides guidance for legal writing. Gives citation form for cases, statutes, government documents, books, 
and other printed materials. 

Howell, John Bruce, Style Manuals of the English-Speaking World: A Guide, Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1983. 
Describes 231 style manuals and guides of over 5 pages in length. Divides them into general, subject (20 
disciplines), manuals and styles related to disabled people, and guidelines on avoiding sexist language. 

ISO Technical Committee ISO/TC 184, Industrial automation systems and integration, Subcommittee SC4, 
Industrial data, SC4 Supplementary directives - Rules for the structure and drafting of SC4 standards for 
industrial data, ISO TC184/SC4/SC4 N1217:2001(E), 2001-11-01. Available from: http://www.td 84- 
sc4.org/SC4 Open/SC4 Standards Developers lnfo/Files/SC4N1217.pdf 

This document was developed to provide guidelines for the content, layout, and style for the standards 
developed by ISO TC184/SC4. Many of the recommendations are equally applicable to technical reports. 



Li, Xia; and Nancy B. Crane, Electronic Styles: A Guide to Citing Electronic Information, Medford, N.J.: 
Information Today, 1996. 

Presents basic forms for the kinds of information being cited and recommends the types of elements to be 
included and the order of their presentation. Covers citations of full-text and bibliographic databases, 
electronic conferences and bulletin board services, electronic mail, and computer programs. Generally follows 
APA style with some modifications. 

National Information Standards Organization, Bibliographic References, ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005, Bethesda, 
Maryland: NISO, 2005. 

NISO standard providing rules, guidelines, and examples for the creation of bibliographic references to 
numerous types of print, audiovisual, and electronic materials, both published and unpublished, arranged in 
fifteen broad categories. 

Rubens, Philip, Ed., Science and Technical Writing: A Manual of Style, 2nd ed., New York: Routledge, 2001. 

A comprehensive style guide that covers science, technical, medical, corporate, and business writing; graphic 
and electronic design; and training and education. 

Skillin, Marjorie E., Robert M. Gay, etal., Words into Type, 3rd ed., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1974. 
Covers the entire publishing process from writing through printing and binding. Includes particularly useful 
sections on grammar, word usage, and style. Extensive coverage of typography. 

Slade, Carole, Form and Style: Theses, Reports, Term Papers, 12th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002. 

Covers such topics as the elements of a thesis, style and usage, and typing the paper. Provides guidance on 
quotations, bibliographic format, and references. 

Swanson, Ellen, Mathematics into Type: Copyediting and Proofreading of Mathematics for Editorial Assistants 
and Authors, rev. ed., Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, 1999. 

Includes instructions on all phases of producing a book or an article in the field of mathematics. Covers such 
elements as the preparation and submission of a manuscript, editing and marking, design and typesetting, 
proofreading, and page makeup. 

U.S. Government Printing Office, Style Manual, 2000 rev. ed., S/N 2100-0068, Washington, D.C.: U.S. 
Government Printing Office, 2000. 

A general style guide for preparing government publications. Contains details not found elsewhere regarding 
treatment of foreign currency, political divisions, plant and insect names, and other specialized expressions. 

University of Chicago Press, The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. 
A widely used and referenced style manual. Includes detailed sections on mathematical copy, treatment of 
foreign languages, preparation of indexes, and distinctive treatment of words. 


A.4. Specialized Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Handbooks 

American Society for Testing and Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Philadelphia: American Society 
for Testing and Materials, annual serial. 

The official standard of the ASTM. A reference for the definitions used in the field of testing and materials. 

Anderson, Kenneth N., Lois E. Anderson, and Walter D. Glanze, Eds., Mosby's Medical, Nursing, and Allied 
Health Dictionary, 6th ed., New York: Elsevier Science, 2001. 

Provides large, easy-to-read type; strict alphabetical organization; comprehensive definitions for major 
diseases, disorders, and procedures; detailed drug entries; and the Color Atlas of Human Anatomy. Offers 
full-color illustrations throughout. Also gives language-translation guides; a tabular atlas of human anatomy 
and physiology; lists of leading health problems; and guidelines for nutrition, pediatrics, pharmacology, 
communicable diseases, and nursing diagnoses. 

Considine, Douglas M., Ed., Van Nostrand’s Scientific Encyclopedia, 8th ed., New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 
1995. 

An alphabetical arrangement of terms used in science and technology. A useful work for both the scientist and 
the lay person. Contains approximately 16,500 entries. 



Dirckx, John H., Ed., Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions, 4th ed., Baltimore: 
Williams & Wilkins, 2001. 

Abridged counterpart to Stedman's Medical Dictionary (see below). Emphasizes allied health sciences. Offers 
pronunciations for every defined term, images, tables, and appendices. 

Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th ed., New York: Elsevier Science, 2003. 

A traditional source for checking spelling and meaning of medical and health-related terms. 

Hampel, Clifford A., and Gessner G. Hawley, Glossary of Chemical Terms, 2nd ed., New York: Van Nostrand 
Reinhold, 1982. 

Provides extensive coverage of chemical terminology. 

Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 14th ed., revised by Richard S. Lewis, Sr., New York: Van Nostrand 
Reinhold, 2002. 

A detailed reference work on the chemical industry. Contains technical descriptions of chemicals, raw 
materials, and processes; definitions of chemical compounds, phenomena, and terminology; and identification 
of trademarked products and their manufacturers. 

James, Robert C., and Glenn James, Mathematics Dictionary, 5th ed., New York: Chapman and Hall, 1992. 
Defines mathematical terms and phrases; includes tables, formulas, mathematical symbols, and vocabularies 
giving English equivalents of mathematical terms in French, German, Russian, and Spanish. 

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1999. 

Contains comprehensive review of major individual chemicals, classes of chemicals, and chemical processes 
and technologies. 

Lide, David R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed., Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 2003. 

A classic handbook of chemistry and physics. Includes mathematical and chemical tables and tables of 
physical constants and organic and inorganic compounds. 

The Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors, New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. 

A clear and concise style guide for the publication of scientific information. Covers physics, chemistry, botany, 
zoology, biochemistry, genetics, immunology, microbiology, astronomy, mathematics, and computer science. 
Gives guidance on spellings, punctuation, abbreviations, prefixes and suffixes, units and quantities, and 
symbols. 

Parker, Sybil P., et al., Eds., McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed., New York: 
McGraw-Hill, 2003. 

A dictionary defining over 100,000 terms from the sciences and engineering fields. Entries do not include 
syllabification, pronunciation, or etymological information. Includes several useful appendixes. See also 
Parker, Sybil P., et al., Eds., McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Bioscience, 2nd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003; 
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemistry, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Computer and 
Electrical Engineering, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Earth Science, 2nd ed., New 
York: McGraw-Hill, 2003; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering, 2nd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003; 
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Geology and Mineralogy, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of 
Mathematics, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Physics, 3rd ed., New York: McGraw- 
Hill, 2003; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Environmental Science, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. 

International Bureau of Weights and Measures, The International System of Units (SI), Barry N. Taylor, Ed., 
Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards 
and Technology, 2001. 

Presents the basics of SI (International System of Units), metric conversion techniques, and proper 
abbreviations. 

Stedman, Thomas Lathrop, Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 27th ed., Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 
2000 . 

The standard authority on medical language cited in the major works on reference materials. Provides a 
comprehensive, current, and accurate medical lexicon to medical and allied health professionals. This latest 
edition includes Terminologia Anatomica, Genus Finder, and Anatomy Tables. 


A.5. Technical Writing Material 

Anderson, Paul V., Technical Writing: A Reader-Centered Approach, 5th ed., Boston, Mass: Heinle, 2003. 

This student text covers the writing process in seven sections: defining objectives, planning a report, drafting 
it, evaluating and revising it, superstructures (formats), and special activities such as oral presentations. 

Includes a handbook. 

Aired, Gerald J., Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu, Handbook of Technical Writing, 7th ed., Boston: 
Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, 2003. 

This alphabetically arranged handbook covers usage, parts of speech, types of technical writing, format and 
graphics, writing and rhetorical principles, and mechanics. 

Clements, Wallace, and Robert Berio, The Scientific Report: A Guide for Authors, Washington, D.C.: Society for 
Technical Communication, 1984. 

Divided into two parts: advice for the writer and aids for the writer. Includes such topics as effective writing, 
the components of a report, graphics (including tables), footnotes and references, abbreviations, spelling, 
rules for writing numbers, and rules for presenting mathematical expressions. 

Day, Robert A., How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, 5th ed., Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1998. 

A book on writing and publishing primary research papers in scholarly journals. Anecdotal discussion provides 
a biological sciences editor’s view of articles written by professionals already in the field. 

Day, Robert A., Scientific English: A Guide for Scientists and Other Professionals, 2nd ed., Phoenix: Oryx Press, 
1995. 

A book devoted to clarity and accuracy in technical writing. 

Houp, Kenneth W., et al., Reporting Technical Information, 10th ed., New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 
Six discrete sections: Part I covers the basics; Part II treats techniques; Part III covers document design; Part 
IV applies principles to numerous correspondence and report products; Part V covers oral reports; and Part VI 
is a handbook of errors and punctuation rules in technical writing. 

Markel, Mike, Technical Communication, 7th ed., Boston: Beford/St. Martin’s, 2004. 

Standard technical report writing textbook. 

Michaelson, Herbert B., How to Write and Publish Engineering Papers and Reports, 3rd ed., Phoenix: Oryx 
Press, 1990. 

Details the process of engineering writing and the preparation of formal papers and reports for publication. 

Montgomery, Scott L., The Chicago Guide to Communicating Science, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 
2003. 

This text guides writers who wish to communicate science through crafting many scientific communication 
forms. The Guide covers reading science as a precursor to writing well about science; explains how materials 
are reviewed; creating such forms as the scientific paper, review articles, book reviews, reports, proposals, 
and oral presentations. 

Tichy, H. J., Effective Writing for Engineers, Managers, and Scientists, 2nd ed., New York: John Wiley and Sons, 
1988. 

Emphasizes the writing process in five sections: steps to better writing, standards of correctness, style, advice 
on common forms, and the role of an editor. 

Robert, and Mary Fran Buehler, The Levels of Edit, 2nd ed., Arlington, Va.: Society for Technical 
Communication, 1992. 

One of the best known books on editing and a must for the aspiring editor. 

Weisman, Herman M., Basic Technical Writing, 6th ed., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1997. 

Covers basic expository techniques, correspondence, and report writing. Separate chapters cover organizing 
data, report format elements, mechanics and documentation, and graphics. 

Weiss, Edmond H., The Writing System for Engineers and Scientists, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1982. 
Describes a system for writing about technical information. The system is composed of five parts: the system 
overview, planning, design guidelines, the draft, and editing and reproduction. 




Wilkinson, Antoinette M., The Scientist’s Handbook for Writing Papers and Dissertations, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: 
Prentice-Hall, 1991. 

Begins by reviewing scientific research methods and then traces the way a scientific article evolves 
(introduction, methods, results, discussion). Also covers many types of visuals and how to publish an article. 


A.6. Standards and Symbols 
A.6.1. Standards 

Association for Information and Image Management, American National Standard - Microfiche, ANSI/AIIM MS5- 
1992 (R1998), New York: ANSI, 1991. 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and American Society for Testing and Materials, Use of the 
International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System, IEEE/ASTM SI-10-2002, New York: ANSI, 2002. 

International Electrotechnical Commission, Preparation of Documents Used in Electrotechnology, 1st ed., 

IEC 61082, Geneva: IEC, 1991-1997. 

Provides rules for location and installation documents mainly used for installation work. Covers different 
systems and objects such as arrangements or installation drawings for site, buildings and equipment, 
installation drawings or diagrams for site or buildings and drawings for location on or in components. 

International Electrotechnical Commission, Designations for Signals: 7 Connections, 1st ed., IEC-61175, 
Geneva: IEC, 1993. 

Gives rules for the composition of designations and names that identify signals and connections in 
electrotechnical and related fields. 

International Organization for Standardization, International Terminology Standards - Preparation & Layout, 1st 
ed., ISO-10241, Geneva: ISO, 1992. 

International Organization for Standardization, Technical Drawings - Item References, 1st ed., ISO-6433, 
Geneva: ISO, 1981. 

International Organization for Standardization, Information & Documentation - Guidelines for the Content, 
Organization & Presentation of Indexes, 2nd ed., ISO-999, Geneva: ISO, 1996. 

International Organization for Standardization, Documentation - Bibliographic References - Content, Form & 
Structure, 2nd ed., ISO-690, Geneva: ISO, 1987. 

National Information Standards Organization, Standard Technical Report Number (STRN) Format and Creation, 
ANSI/NISO Z39.23-1990, New York: ANSI, 1990. 

National Information Standards Organization, Guidelines for Abstracts, ANSI/NISO Z39.14-1997 (R2002), New 
York: ANSI, 2002. 

Procedures for the Transfer of Federal Scientific, Technical, and Engineering Information to NTIS under Public 
Law 102-245, Section 108, Federal Register 59 (1), January 3, 1994. 

Outlines procedures for federal agencies to transfer to NTIS unclassified scientific, technical, and engineering 
information resulting from federally funded research and development activities. 


A.6.2. Graphic Symbols 

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American National Standard - Graphic Symbols for Fluid Power 
Diagrams, ANSI Y32.10-1967 (R1987), New York: ANSI, 1987. 

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American National Standard - Graphic Symbols for Plumbing 
Fixtures for Diagrams Used in Architecture and Building Construction, ANSI Y32.4-1977 (R2004), New York: 
ANSI, 2004. 



American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American National Standard - Graphic Symbols for Railroad Maps 
and Profiles, ANSI Y32.7-1972 (R2004), New York: ANSI, 2004. 

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American National Standard - Graphical Symbols for Process Flow 
Diagrams in the Petroleum and Chemical Industries, ANSI Y32.11-1961 (R1985), New York: ANSI, 1985. 

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American National Standard - Symbols for Mechanical and 
Acoustical Elements as Used in Schematic Diagrams, ANSI Y32.18-1972 (R2003), New York: ANSI, 2003. 

American Welding Society, American National Standard - Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive 
Examination, ANSI/AWS A2.4-1998, New York: ANSI, 1998. 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, American National Standard - Graphic Symbols for Electrical 
Wiring and Layout Diagrams Used in Architecture and Building Construction, ANSI Y32.9-1972 (R1989), New 
York: ANSI, 1989. 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, American National Standard - Graphic Symbols for Electrical 
and Electronics Diagrams (Including Reference Designation Letters), ANSI/IEEE 315-1975 (R1993), New York: 
ANSI, 1993. 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Supplement to ANSI Graphic Symbols for Electrical and 
Electronics Diagrams, ANSI/IEEE 315A-1986, New York: ANSI, 1986. 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, American National Standard - Graphic Symbols for Grid and 
Mapping Diagrams Used in Cable Television Systems, ANSI/IEEE 623-1976 (R1988), New York: ANSI, 1988. 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, American National Standard - Graphic Symbols for Logic 
Functions, ANSI/IEEE 91-1984 (R1994), New York: ANSI, 1994. 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Supplement to IEEE Standard for Graphic Symbols for Logic 
Functions, ANSI/IEEE 91A-1991 (R1994), New York: ANSI, 1994. 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, American National Standard - Reference Designations for 
Electrical and Electronics Parts and Equipment, ANSI/IEEE Y32.16-1975 (R1988), New York: ANSI, 1988. 

Instrument Society of America, American National Standard - Instrumentation Symbols and Identification, 
ANSI/ISA S5.1-1984 (R1992), New York: ANSI, 1992. 

International Electrotechnical Commission, Graphic Symbols for Diagrams [online database], 2nd ed., 

IEC-60617, Geneva: IEC, 2001-. 

Contains graphical symbols to represent components, logic, and other aspects of electrical, electronic, and 
electromechanical devices. Part 1 from the first edition was withdrawn. Parts 2 to 13 have been incorporated 
into a database that currently includes some 1400 symbols. The database is the official source of IEC 60617 
and replaces the previous published version. 

International Electrotechnical Commission, Graphic Symbols for Use on Equipment [online database], IEC-417, 
Geneva: IEC, 1997. 

Establishes uniform graphical symbols, their graphic form, meaning, and application. These graphical symbols 
are placed on equipment or parts of equipment of any kind in order to instruct the persons handling the 
equipment as to its use and operation; they are also placed on sites and ways where people may assemble, 
or move, giving them instructions, such as prohibitions, warnings, rules or limits, for their behavior. They are 
used in pictorial reproductions, such as plans, drawings, maps, diagrams, and similar documents. For use in 
information processing and retrieval systems, a coded designation is applied to each of the symbols in this 
publication. Symbols from the previous print version of the standard have been incorporated into a database. 

The database also includes symbols from ISO-7000 (see below). 


International Organization for Standardization, Graphic Symbols for Use on Equipment - Index and synopsis, 3rd 
ed., ISO-7000:2004, Geneva: ISO, 2004. 

National Fire Protection Association, Standard for Fire Safety Symbols, ANSI/NFPA 170-2002, New York: ANSI, 
2002 . 


A.6.3. Letter Symbols 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, American National Standard - Letter Symbols and Abbreviations 
for Quantities Used In Acoustics, ANSI/IEEE 260.4-1996 (R2002), New York: ANSI, 2002. 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Letter Symbols for Quantities Used in Electrical Science and 
Electrical Engineering, ANSI/IEEE 280-1985 (R2003), New York: ANSI, 2003. 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Units, 
Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units), ANSI/IEEE 260.1-2004, New York: ANSI, 2004. 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Mathematical Signs and Symbols for Use in Physical Sciences 
and Technology, ANSI/IEEE 260.3-1993, New York: ANSI, 1993. 

International Electrotechnical Commission, Letter Symbols to be Used in Electrical Technology, IEC-60027-1, 
Geneva: IEC. 

Gives letter symbols for quantities and units used in electrical technology, and rules for their use and 
combination. Also specifies alphabets, subscripts, singularity functions, distributions and letter styles: 

Part 1: General (6th ed., 1997) 

Part 2: Telecommunications and Electronics (2nd ed., 2000) 

Part 3: Logarithmic Quantities & Units (3rd ed., 2002) 

Part 4: Symbols for Quantities to Be Used for Rotating Electrical Machines (1st ed., 1985) 

International Organization for Standardization, Technical Product Information - Lettering - Part 0: General 
requirements, 1st ed., ISO-3098-0, Geneva: ISO, 1997. 

International Organization for Standardization, Code for the Representation of Names of Languages, 1st ed., 
ISO-639, Geneva: ISO, 1988-2002. 

International Organization for Standardization, Codes for the Representation of the Names of Countries, ISO- 
3166, Washington, D.C.: NISO; Geneva: ISO, 1997-1999. 


A.7. Library Reference Material 

American Chemical Society Chemical Abstracts Service, Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index, 1907-1999 
Cumulative, Columbus, Ohio: Chemical Abstracts Service, 1999. 

Lists the standard (preferred) abbreviations for titles of journals in the biological and physical sciences. Gives 
former title, if any; language of publication; publication history; publisher’s address, price, and the like. 

Auger, Charles P., Information Sources in Grey Literature, 4th ed., New Providence, N.J.: Bowker-Saur, 1998. 
Describes how grey literature (publications that are not distributed through normal bookselling channels, such 
as theses, reports, translations, and conference proceedings) is produced, collected, and catalogued. 

Explains how to identify, locate, and acquire such material in various subject disciplines that rely heavily on 
this type of literature, such as business and economics, education, and science and technology. 

Bowker’s Books in Print, New York: R. R. Bowker, annual. Available online at http://www.booksinprint.com/bip/ . 
The standard listing of books issued by American publishers in author-title-series formats. Useful for checking 
bibliographies and notes. An editorial office should have access to the current edition, plus at least a selection 
of earlier volumes. 

Cremmins, Edward T., The Art of Abstracting, 2nd ed., Arlington, Va.: Information Resources Press, 1996. 
Focuses on procedure for writing and editing abstracts. Also intended as a textbook on abstracting. Includes a 
glossary and annotated bibliographies on abstracting and thinking and cognition. 


Guidelines for Descriptive Cataloguing of Reports: A Revision of the COSATI Standard for Descriptive 
Cataloging of Government Scientific and Technical Reports, Washington, D.C.: CENDI Cataloging Committee 
(Commerce, Energy, NASA, Defense Information), 1985. Available from NTIS, Springfield, VA22161 as PB 86- 
112349. 

This is an update of the COSATI guidelines for descriptive cataloging of scientific and technical reports. The 
COSATI guidelines have been followed by the major federal information processing agencies since the early 
1960s. 

Nimmer, Melville B., and David Nimmer, Nimmeron Copyright, New York: LEXIS Publications, 2000. Looseleaf, 
continually updated. 

The most comprehensive, authoritative, and up-to-date publication on the subject of U.S. copyright law. 

Patry, William F., Copyright Law and Practice, Washington, D.C.: BNA Books, 2004. 

A standard work on copyright law. Intended as an update to Latman's The Copyright Law, it turned out to be 
five times the size of the original. Has a new organization but the same clarity of style and expression. 

Patry, William F., The Fair Use Privilege in Copyright Law, 2nd ed., Washington, D.C.: BNA Books, 1995. 

A focus on the use of copyrighted material that falls outside copyright royalty protection. 

Strong, William S., The Copyright Book: A Practical Guide, 5th ed., Cambridge, Mass.: M.l.T. Press, 1999. 

A succinct and well-written analysis of the law and a practical guide to its application. 


A.8. Graphic Arts 

Baird, Russell N., et al., The Graphics of Communication: Methods, Media, and Technology, 6th ed., Fort Worth, 
Tex.: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1993. 

A textbook in the graphic arts that covers all aspects of preparing documents for reading. Emphasis is on the 
visual elements, including design, typography, images, color, print media, newsletters, magazine and 
newspaper design, public relations, and television graphics. A concluding section discusses print production 
and electronic desktop publishing. 

Beach, Mark, and Eric Kenly, Getting It Printed: How to Work with Printers and Graphic Imaging Services to 
Assure Quality, Stay on Schedule and Control Costs, 3rd ed., Cincinnati, Ohio: North Light Books, 1999. 

An analysis of printing production steps from planning through delivery. Sections focus on topics such as 
typesetting, photographs, paper and ink, and printing methods. Chapters include checklists designed to cut 
production time and monitor quality control and production costs. 

Greenwald, Martin L., and John C. Luttropp, Graphic Design and Production Technology, Upper Saddle River, 
N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 2001. 

Covers the cross-disciplinary skills required by designers and publication-production personnel, providing 
information on production aspects important for digital and nonimpact printing. Discusses step-by-step graphic 
design, image generation, and what happens to an image when it leaves the computer screen. 

Harris, Robert L. Information Graphics: A Comprehensive Reference: Visual Tools for Analyzing, Managing, and 
Communication, Atlanta, GA: Management Graphics, 1996 

A comprehensive guide to developing and using graphics to present information effectively in visual formats. 

The book helps authors prepare a variety of information visuals for operational purposes. 

International Paper Company, Pocket Pal: A Graphic Arts Production Handbook, 19th ed., New York: 
International Paper Company, 2003. 

Covers most aspects of publishing from printing to binding in language that is easy to understand. Color 
separation, halftones, imposition, and practically every other aspect of publishing are described. Revised 
periodically to reflect developments in the graphic arts. 

Kepes, Gyorgy, Language of Vision, Dover, New York, 1995. 

Analyzes the effect of visual language on the structure of human consciousness, in particular how the 
elements of line and form are perceived and how innovative types of perspective can lead to more dynamic 
representations in art. 


Knuth, Donald E., The T ^Xbook, Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1986. 

A handbook about TeX, the typesetting system intended for publications that contain mathematics. Using 
TeX format, an author or editor can produce computerized mathematical copy comparable to printing. 

Parker, Robert C., Looking Good in Print: A Guide to Basic Design for Desktop Publishing, 5th ed., Polygraph 
Press Books, 2003. 

A textbook that carries the reader through the design and production processes. Chapters on type, graphic 
design, effective visuals, common pitfalls, and creating a variety of print products. 

Pipes, Alan, Production for Graphic Designers, 3rd ed., Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 2001. 

Up-to-date resource on production technology and methods for graphic design. Provides advice for preparing 
artwork for printers, creative typography in the digital environment, and working with text and graphics in 
computerized and conventional workflows. Special treatment of e-books, preflight checking, color 
management, and future print technologies. 

Sawyer, Stanley A., and Steven G. Krantz, A TeX Primer for Scientists, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1995. 
An introduction to writing and preparing papers, reports, articles, and books with TeX. Designed for scientists, 
engineers, mathematicians, and technical staff. Discusses the necessary tasks required to prepare equations 
and text. 

Tufte, Edward R., The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, rev. ed., Cheshire, Conn.: Graphics Press, 
2001 . 

Presents and illustrates the theory and practice of graphically representing quantitative data. Focuses on 
charts and graphs that display numerical information. 

Tufte, Edward R., Envisioning Information, Cheshire, Conn.: Graphics Press, 1990. 

Extensively illustrates the presentation of information in graphic form. Emphasizes maps and cartography. 

Tufte, Edward R., Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative, Cheshire, Conn.: 
Graphics Press, 1997. 

A third volume in his series of books on information display; this one centers on dynamic data (information 
that changes with time). 


A.9. Typography and Publication Design 

Bringhurst, Robert, The Elements of Typographic Style, 2nd ed., Point Roberts, Wash.: Hartley & Marks, 1996. 
Concerned with choosing the correct typeface; striving for rhythm, proportion, and harmony; combining type 
fonts and families; designing pages; using graphic elements like section heads, subheads, footnotes, and 
tables; adjusting type to improve legibility; and employing special characters, including punctuation and 
diacritical marks. 

Carter, Rob, Ben Day, and Philip Meggs, Typographic Design: Form and Communication, 2nd ed., New York: 
Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993. 

Covers typographic heritage and fundamentals, problem-solving approaches, responsible design, legibility 
factors and type specimens. Provides a comprehensive overview of typographic-design fundamentals that 
includes the most important innovations of the past decade as well as desktop publishing, digital type, and bit¬ 
mapped design. 

Craig, James, and William Bevington, Designing with Type: A Basic Course in Typography, 4th ed., Watson- 
Guptill Publications, New York, 1999. 

The basics of typography; good for the beginner. 

Dowding, Geoffrey, Finer Points in the Spacing & Arrangement of Type, 3rd ed., London: Wace, 1966. 

The ideas promoted by this slim volume are essential to well-set type. Emphasizes the importance of close 
word-spacing, ragged margins, and carefully hyphenated text. Provides invaluable advice on setting titles and 
drop caps. 



Hart’s Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press , Oxford, 39th e<±, Oxford: Oxford University 
Press, 1983. 

First published in 1893, Hart’s is a prime resource for those wanting to disseminate ideas. It provides 
guidance on matters such as alternate spellings, punctuation, capitalization, italicization, and abbreviations. 
Although intended for British authors, it offers guidance to anyone producing documents in paper or electronic 
forms. 

Hendel, Richard, On Book Design, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998. 

A detailed description of the creative process of book design; illustrated with many examples; seeks the most 
effective visual presentation of words. Not a strict set of rules for book design, but a philosophy of design for 
many types of books. 

Hochuli, Jost, and Robin Kinross, Designing Books: Practice and Theory, London: Hyphen Press, 1996. 

An anthology of book design. Defines the fundamental and constituent parts of books and the processes by 
which they are made. Covers specialist terminology; format; page proportions; choice of typeface; categories 
of books; and recurring design problems, such as title pages, tables of contents, and bibliographies. Each 
topic is considered in a page or two. Heavily illustrated with diagrams and examples. 

Lawson, Alexanders., and Dwight Agner, Printing Types: An Introduction, rev. ed., Boston: Beacon Press, 1990. 
Covers the history and development, nomenclature, and classification of typefaces and provides a key to type 
identification. 

McLean, Ruari, The Thames and Hudson Manual of Typography, London: Thames and Hudson, 1980. 

Examines what makes a legible publication, taking into account typefaces, line length, use of space, and 
cultural background. Covers book design from the parts of a book to the merits of asymmetrical or centered 
typography to proofer's marks. 

Tschichold, Jan, The New Typography: A Handbook for Modern Designers, Berkeley, Calif.: University of 
California Press, 1995. 

Ranges from theoretical discussions of typography to practical considerations in the design of publications. 

One of the best typographic how-to books ever published. It is the definitive treatise on book and graphic 
design in the machine age. An invaluable source of working principles for the practicing designer. 


Appendix B 

_ Glossary _ 

(This appendix is not part of ANSI/NISO Z39.18-2005, Scientific and Technical Reports -Preparation, Presentation and 

Preservation. It is included for information only.) 

Term Definition 

Administrative metadata Administrative metadata support maintaining and archiving reports and 

ensure their long-term availability. Administrative metadata are needed 
for migration of data from one format to another and contain rights 
information used for access control. Such metadata include type and 
version of software used in preparing the report and rights-management 
requirements. 

See also: Rights metadata 

Americans with Disabilities Public Law 101- 336, 101st Congress, enacted July 26, 1990. The ADA 

Act (ADA) prohibits discrimination and ensures equal opportunity for persons with 

disabilities in employment, state and local government services, public 
accommodations, commercial facilities, and transportation. 

See also: Section 508 

Best practice Guide and documentation to describe and standardize the use of 

processes that best support a community's needs. 

Data element A discrete component of data or metadata. 

Descriptive metadata Metadata that are used for the indexing, discovery, and identification of a 

resource. 

Digital document “Digital document definition: where the view of a document version 

relevant for the requirements of one (of possibly multiple alternative) 
applications is represented using a digital representation format, such as 
a digital file.” (ISO 10303, Industrial Automation Systems and Integration) 

Digital Object Identifier (DOI®) A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a persistent identifier given to a Web 

J ' ’ file or other Internet document so that if its Internet address changes, 

users will be redirected to its new address. The DOI is an implementation 
of the CNRI Handle System®, in which the term "DOI" is used instead of 
"Handle" to describe the identifiers. DOI syntax is defined in 
ANSI/NISO Z39.84. 

See also: Uniform Resource Name (URN) 

Document-Type Definition In SGML or XML, a formal description of the components of a specific 

(DTD) document or class of documents. DTDs provide a formal grammar used 

for machine processing (parsing) of documents expressed in SGML or 
XML. A DTD description includes: the containers or elements that make 
up the document (for example, paragraphs, headings, list items, figures, 
tables, etc.); the logical structure of the document (for example, chapters 
containing sections, etc.); additional information associated with elements 
—known as attributes (for example, identifiers, date stamps, etc.). 

Dublin Core The Dublin Core Metadata Element Set is a set of 15 descriptive 

semantic definitions that represents a core set of elements likely to be 
useful across a broad range of disciplines. Dublin Core metadata 
supplement existing methods for searching and indexing Web-based 
metadata, regardless of whether the corresponding resource is an 
electronic document or a "real" physical object. Described in ANSI/NISO 
Z39.85. 



Term 

extensible Markup Language 

extensible Stylesheet 
Language 

Ingest 


International Standard Book 
Number (ISBN) 


International Standard Serial 
Number (ISSN) 


MARC 21 


Metadata 


Multimedia 


Open Archival Information 
System (OAIS) 


Definition 

See: XML 
See: XSL 


The external interface that accepts information into an archive. This 
process may include staging information to prepare for full acceptance, 
confirmation of receipt, and validation. OAIS contains the services and 
functions that accept Submission Information Packages from Producers, 
prepares Archival Information Packages for storage, and ensures that 
Archival Information Packages and their supporting Descriptive 
Information become established. Accession (traditional archives) = Ingest 

The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) uniquely identifies books 
and book-like products published internationally. Every ISBN consists of a 
set number of digits (ten prior to a revision in 2004), and whenever it is 
printed it is preceded by the letters ISBN. The number is divided into four 
parts of variable length, each part separated by a hyphen. Described in 
ISO 2108. 

The International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) uniquely identifies a 
serial title regardless of language or country in which it is published. An 
ISSN is eight digits long and always displayed this way: ISSN 1234-5679. 
The first seven digits serve as the title number and the eighth is a check 
digit, which provides an efficient means for discovering transcription 
errors. Described in ISO 3297 and ANSI/NISO Z39.9. 

MARC is the acronym for MAchine-Readable Cataloging. It defines a data 
format that emerged from a Library of Congress led initiative begun thirty 
years ago. MARC became USMARC in the 1980s and MARC 21 in the 
late 1990s. It provides the mechanism by which computers exchange, 
use, and interpret bibliographic information and its data elements make 
up the foundation of most library catalogs used today. 

Literally, "data about data," metadata include data associated with either 
an information system or an information object for purposes of 
description, administration, legal requirements, technical functionality, use 
and usage, and preservation. 

See also: Administrative metadata, Descriptive metadata. Preservation 
metadata, Rights metadata, Structural metadata, Technical metadata, 

Use metadata 

Materials, documents, or products, such as World Wide Web pages, CD- 
ROMs, or components of digital libraries, archival information systems, 
and virtual museums that use any combination of text, numeric data, still 
and moving images, animation, sound, and graphics. 

The Open Archival Information System (OAIS ) reference model is a 
conceptual framework for an archival system dedicated to preserving and 
maintaining access to digital information over the long term. The 
reference model increases awareness and understanding of concepts 
relevant for archiving digital objects, especially among nonarchival 
institutions; elucidate terminology and concepts for describing and 
comparing data models and archival architectures; expand consensus on 
the elements and processes endemic to digital information preservation 
and access; and create a framework to guide the identification and 
development of standards. Described in: 
http://public.ccsds.org/publications/archive/650x0b1 .pdf 



Term 

Preservation metadata 

Rights metadata 

Section 508 


Structural metadata 

Style Sheets 

Technical metadata 

Uniform Resource Name 
(URN) 

Use metadata 

USMARC 

XML 


Definition 

Metadata related to the preservation management of information 
resources, for example, metadata used to document, or created as a 
result of, preservation processes performed on information resources. 

A form of administrative metadata dealing with rights management 
statements, including ownership statements, licenses, permissions, etc. 

Section 508 refers to a statutory section in the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 
(found at 29 U.S.C. 794d). Congress significantly strengthened section 
508 in the Workforce Investment Act of 1998. Its primary purpose is to 
provide access to and use of Federal executive agencies’ electronic and 
information technology (EIT) by individuals with disabilities. The statutory 
language of Section 508 can be found at http://www.section508.gov/ . The 
Access Board http://www.access-board.gov wrote the Section 508 
standards and is the U.S. federal agency responsible for developing and 
enforcing accessibility requirements. 

See also: Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 

Information used to display and navigate digital resources; also includes 
information on the internal organization of the digital resource. Structural 
metadata might include information such as the structural divisions of a 
resource (that is, chapters in a book) or sub-object relationships (such as 
individual diary entries in a diary section). 

Style sheets describe how documents are presented on screens, in print, 
or perhaps how they are pronounced. By attaching style sheets to 
structured documents on the Web (for example XML), authors/creators 
and readers can influence the presentation of documents without 
sacrificing device-independence or adding new XML tags. 

See also: XSL 

Metadata created for, or generated by, a computer system, relating to 
how the system or its content behaves or needs to be processed. 

Also referred to as "Universal Resource Name/Number." A unique, 
location-independent identifier of a file available on the Internet. The file 
remains accessible by its URN regardless of changes that might occur in 
its host and directory path. For information about Internet addressing, 
Described in: http://www.w3.org/Addressing/Addressing.html . 

See also: Digital Object Identifier (DOI®) 

Metadata, generally automatically created by the computer, that relate to 
the level and type of use of an information system. 

See: MARC 21 

XML is extensible Markup Language, a project of the 
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): the development of the specification 
is being supervised by their XML Working Group. It is designed to 
improve the functionality of the Web by providing more flexible and 
adaptable information identification. It is called extensible because it is 
not a fixed format like HTML (a single, predefined markup language). 
Instead, XML is actually a metalanguage—a language for describing 
other languages—which allows customized markup languages for 
limitless different types of objects. XML can do this because it's written in 
SGML (ISO 8879), the international standard metalanguage for text 
markup systems. 


Term Definition 

XSL XSL (extensible Stylesheet Language) is a language for expressing 

stylesheets for XML objects. It consists of two parts: a language for 
transforming XML objects, and an XML vocabulary for specifying 
formatting semantics. The originality and power of XSL is more general 
than just describing how XML items should be presented; it allows, as 
well as describes, how these objects can be transformed into other 
objects. The part of XSL dealing with document transformation is called 
XSLT. The part of XSL dealing with formatting objects is called XSL-FO. 
XSL and XSLT are currently working drafts of the 
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). 



Appendix C 

Dublin Core Data Elements 


(This appendix is not part of ANSI/NISO Z39.18-2005, Scientific and Technical Reports - Preparation, Presentation and 
Preservation. It is included for information only.) 


Element Name: Title 

Label: Title 

Definition: A name given to the resource. 

Comment: Typically, Title will be a name by which the resource is formally known. 

Element Name: Creator 

Label: Creator 

Definition: An entity primarily responsible for making the content of the resource. 

Comment: Examples of Creator include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, the 

name of a Creator should be used to indicate the entity. 

Element Name: Subject 

Label: Subject and Keywords 

Definition: A topic of the content of the resource. 

Comment: Typically, Subject will be expressed as keywords, key phrases, or classification 

codes that describe a topic of the resource. Recommended best practice is to 
select a value from a controlled vocabulary or formal classification scheme. 

Element Name: Description 

Label: Description 

Definition: An account of the content of the resource. 

Comment: Examples of Description include, but are not limited to: an abstract, table of 

contents, reference to a graphical representation of content or a free-text account 
of the content. 

Element Name: Publisher 

Label: Publisher 

Definition: An entity responsible for making the resource available 

Comment: Examples of Publisher include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, 

the name of a Publisher should be used to indicate the entity. 

Element Name: Contributor 

Label: Contributor 

Definition: An entity responsible for making contributions to the content of the resource. 

Comment: Examples of Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, 

the name of a Contributor should be used to indicate the entity. 


Element Name: Date 

Label: 

Definition: 

Comment: 


Date 

A date of an event in the lifecycle of the resource. 

Typically, Date will be associated with the creation or availability of the resource. 
Recommended best practice for encoding the date value is defined in a profile of 
ISO 8601 [W3C Date and Time Formats] and includes (among others) dates of the 
form YYYY-MM-DD. 



Element Name: 

Label: 

Definition: 

Comment: 


Element Name: 

Label: 

Definition: 

Comment: 


Element Name: 

Label: 

Definition: 

Comment: 


Element Name: 

Label: 

Definition: 

Comment: 


Element Name: 

Label: 

Definition: 

Comment: 


Element Name: 

Label: 

Definition: 

Comment: 


Type 

Resource Type 

The nature or genre of the content of the resource. 

Type includes terms describing general categories, functions, genres, or 
aggregation levels for content. Recommended best practice is to select a value 
from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the DCMI Type Vocabulary) . To 
describe the physical or digital manifestation of the resource, use the FORMAT 
element. 

Format 

Format 

The physical or digital manifestation of the resource. 

Typically, Format may include the media-type or dimensions of the resource. 
Format may be used to identify the software, hardware, or other equipment 
needed to display or operate the resource. Examples of dimensions include size 
and duration. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled 
vocabulary (for example, the list of Internet Media Types [MIME] defining computer 
media formats). 

Identifier 

Resource Identifier 

An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context. 

Recommended best practice is to identify the resource by means of a string or 
number conforming to a formal identification system. Formal identification systems 
include, but are not limited to, the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) (including the 
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)), the Digital Object Identifier (DOI), and the 
International Standard Book Number (ISBN). 

Source 

Source 

A Reference to a resource from which the present resource is derived. 

The present resource may be derived from the Source resource in whole or in 
part. Recommended best practice is to identify the referenced resource by means 
of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system. 

Language 

Language 

A language of the intellectual content of the resource. 

Recommended best practice is to use Tags for the Idenfitication of Languages, 
RFC 3066 , which, in conjunction with ISQ639 , Codes for the representation of 
names of languages, defines two- and three-letter primary language tags with 
optional subtags. Examples include "en" or "eng" for English, "akk" for Akkadian, 
and "en-GB" for English used in the United Kingdom. 

Relation 

Relation 

A reference to a related resource. 

Recommended best practice is to identify the referenced resource by means of a 
string or number conforming to a formal identification system. 


Element Name: 

Label: 

Definition: 

Comment: 


Element Name: 

Label: 

Definition: 

Comment: 


Coverage 

Coverage 

The extent or scope of the content of the resource. 

Typically, Coverage will include spatial location (a place name or geographic 
coordinates), temporal period (a period label, date, or date range), or jurisdiction 
(such as a named administrative entity). Recommended best practice is to select a 
value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the Getty Thesaurus of 
Geographic Names ) and to use, where appropriate, named places or time periods 
in preference to numeric identifiers such as sets of coordinates or date ranges. 

Rights 

Rights Management 

Information about rights held in and over the resource. 

Typically, Rights will contain a rights management statement for the resource, or 
reference a service providing such information. Rights information often 
encompasses Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Copyright, and various Property 
Rights. If the Rights element is absent, no assumptions may be made about any 
rights held in or over the resource. 


Appendix D 

Formats for Organizing a Scientific or Technical Report 


(This appendix is not part of ANSI/NISO Z39.18-2005, Scientific and Technical Reports -Preparation, Presentation 
and Preservation. It is included for information only.) 

The way a scientific or technical report is organized has evolved over the past 30 years from a 
content-based organization pattern to a user-based organization pattern. What follows are three 
outlines typical for reports that solve problems, make recommendations, etc., presented in historical 
order. These patterns are included for illustration; they do not necessarily conform to all of the 
requirements and recommendations in this Standard. 

Traditional Pattern 

Front matter 

Title page 

Table of Contents (includes list of appendix materials) 

List of Illustrations/Figures 
Abstract 
Body of report 

Problem/background 
Methodology to solve 
Results 
Discussion 

Conclusion/Summary/Recommendations 
Back matter 

References 

Index 

Appendix materials 

Modified Traditional (intermediate pattern) 

Front matter 

Title page 

Table of Contents (includes list of appendix materials) 

List of Illustrations/Figures 

Executive Summary (approximately 10% of body of report) 

Body of report 

Problem/background 
Methodology to solve 
Results 
Discussion 

Conclusion/Summary/Recommendations 
Back matter 

References 

Index 

Appendix material 


Modern 


Front matter 
Title page 

Table of Contents (includes list of appendix materials) 
List of Illustrations/Figures 
Executive Summary (ranges from 3-15 pages) 
Background/Problem 
Methods 

Rarely appear 

Reader assumes writer is competent professional 
Executives typically do not care about details 
At most, 1-2 sentences 
Used to make your results credible 
Solutions, recommendations, conclusions 
Implications 
Political 
Fiscal 

Appendix materials—for example 

Background/Statement of problem/Assignment 

Methods used to solve problem 

Results 

Discussions 

Conclusion 

Indices (usually more than one) 



Appendix E 

Report Documentation Page, Standard Form (SF) 298 


(This appendix is not part of ANSI/NISO Z39.18-2005, Scientific and Technical Reports - Preparation, Presentation 
and Preservation. It is included for information only.) 


REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 


Form Approved 
OMB No. 0704-0168 


The public reporting burden for tvs coToctoon of information i* estimafod to average 1 hour per **»**«. induing the fcne tor revfewng instructions, searching etfstrg lata sources searching ewstma ttoto 
sottoes. gathering end maintaming the ceta nwded. and complelng and reUeaeng the co4wd.cn of Inforrnelon Send commits regarding this burden esfcnete or any other aspect of tas cotfectton of 
inforrralion. incfvftng suggestions for redudng this tx.rder, to Department trf Defense. Washington Headquarters Services. OireCtorafe for tofcnnabon Operations and Reports (0704-0188) 1215 Jefferson 
Devis Highway. Suite 1204. Arlington. VA 22202-4302 Respondents she'id be eware tiat notwithstanding any other provision of law. no person sha.1 be subject to ary penalty for faring to comet v with a 
collecton of information if H does not display a currently veid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS 1 


1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YY) 

2. REPORT TYPE 

[ 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 

July 2003 

Conference Paper Preprint 



4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 

[5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 


UAV TASK ASSIGNMENT WITH TIMING CONSTRAINTS 


6. AUTHOR(S| 

Corey Schumacher and Phillip Chandler (AFRL/VACA) 

Meir Pachter (AFIT/ENG) 

5d. PROJECT NUMBER 

N/A 

5«. TASK NUMBER 

N/A 

5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 

N/A 

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADORESS(ES) 

Control Theory Optimization Branch (AFRL/VACA) 

Control Sciences Division 

Air Vehicles Directorate 

Air Force Research Laboratory, Air Force Materiel Command 
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433-7542 

AFIT/ENG 

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 

REPORT NUMBER 

AFRL-VA-WP-TP-2003-315 

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 

Air Vehicles Directorate 

Air Force Research Laboratory 

Air Force Materiel Command 

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433-7542 

10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY 
ACRONYM(S) 

AFRL/VACA 

11. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY 
REPORT NUMBER(S) 

AFRL-VA-WP-TP-2003-315 

12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 

13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

To be presented at the AIAA Guidance Navigation and Control Conference, Austin, TX, August 11-14, 2003. 

This material is declared a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. 

14. ABSTRACT 

This paper addresses the problem of task allocation for wide area search munitions. The munitions are required to search 
for, classify, attack, and verify the destruction of potential targets. We assume that target field information is 
communicated between all elements of the swarm. We generate a tour of optimal assignments for each vehicle using a 
Mixed Integer Linear Program, or MILP format. MILP can assign tasks that look infeasible, due to timing, by adding 
time to a UAV’s path, and vehicle paths are then recalculated to match the required arrival times. The MILP formulation 
with variable arrival times provides an optimal solution to multiple-assignment problems for groups of UAVs with 
coupled tasks involving timing and task order constraints. 

15. SUBJECT TERMS 

task allocation, cooperative control, wide area search munitions 


In-house 


5b. GRANT NUMBER 


5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 

N/A 


| 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 

a. REPORT 

Unclassified 

b. ABSTRACT 

Unclassified 

c. THIS PAGE 

Unclassified 


17. LIMITATION 
OF ABSTRACT: 
SAR 


18. NUMBER 
OF PAGES 
14 


19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON (Monitor) 
Phillip Chandler 

19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include Area Code) 
(937) 255-8680 


Standard Form 238 (Rev. 8*98) 

Prescribed by ANSI SW Z39-18 


INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SF 298 


8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER. 


1. REPORT DATE. Full publication date, including 
day, month, if available. Must cite at least the year 
and be Year 2000 compliant, e.g. 30-06-1998; 
xx-06-1998; xx-xx-1998. 

2. REPORT TYPE. State the type of report, such as 
final, technical, interim, memorandum, master's 
thesis, progress, quarterly, research, special, group 
study, etc. 

3. DATES COVERED. Indicate the time during 
which the work was performed and the report was 
written, e.g., Jun 1997 - Jun 1998; 1-10 Jun 1 996; 
May - Nov 1 998; Nov 1998. 

4. TITLE. Enter title and subtitle with volume 
number and part number, if applicable. On classified 
documents, enter the title classification in 
parentheses. 

5a. CONTRACT NUMBER. Enter all contract 
numbers as they appear in the report, e.g. 

F3361 5-86-C-5169. 

5b. GRANT NUMBER. Enter all grant numbers as 
they appear in the report, e.g. AFOSR-82-1234. 

5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER. Enter all 
program element numbers as they appear in the 
report, e.g. 61101 A. 

5d. PROJECT NUMBER. Enter all project numbers 
as they appear in the report, e.g. 1F665702D1257; 
ILIR. 

5e. TASK NUMBER. Enter all task numbers as they 
appear in the report, e.g. 05; RF0330201; T4112. 

5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER. Enter all work unit 
numbers as they appear in the report, e.g. 001; 
AFAPL30480105. 

6. AUTHOR(S). Enter name(s) of person(s) 
responsible for writing the report, performing the 
research, or credited with the content of the report. 
The form of entry is the last name, first name, middle 
initial, and additional qualifiers separated by commas, 
e.g. Smith, Richard, J, Jr. 

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND 

ADDRESS(ES). Self-explanatory. 


Enter all unique alphanumeric report numbers assigned 
by the performing organization, e.g. BRL-1234; 
AFWL-TR-8 5-4017-Vol-21 -PT-2. 

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) 

AND ADDRESS(ES). Enter the name and address of the 
organizationfs) financially responsible for and monitoring 
the work. 

10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S). Enter, if 
available, e.g. BRL, ARDEC, NADC. 

11. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S). 

Enter report number as assigned by the sponsoring/ 
monitoring agency, if available, e.g. BRL-TR-829; -215. 

12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT. Use 

agency-mandated availability statements to indicate the 
public availability or distribution limitations of the 
report. If additional limitations/ restrictions or special 
markings are indicated, follow agency authorization 
procedures, e.g. RD/FRD, PROPIN, ITAR, etc. Include 
copyright information. 

13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. Enter information not 
included elsewhere such as; prepared in cooperation 
with; translation of; report supersedes; old edition 
number, etc. 

14. ABSTRACT. A brief (approximately 200 words) 
factual summary of the most significant information. 

15. SUBJECT TERMS. Key words or phrases 
identifying major concepts in the report. 

16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION. Enter security 
classification in accordance with security classification 
regulations, e.g. U, C, S, etc. If this form contains 
classified information, stamp classification level on the 
lop and bottom of this page. 

17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT. This block must be 
completed to assign a distribution limitation to the 
abstract. Enter UU (Unclassified Unlimited) or SAR 
(Same as Report). An entry in this block is necessary if 
the abstract is to be limited. 


Standard Form 298 Back (Rev. 8/98) 


Appendix F 

XML DTD and Sample XSL (Style Sheet) 


(This appendix is not part of ANSI/NISO Z39.18-2005, Scientific and Technical Reports -Preparation, Presentation 
and Preservation. It is included for information only.) 

This is a proposed DTD and sample XSL developed for NISO Z39.18, Scientific and Technical 
Reports -Preparation, Presentation and Preservation, by Jianfeng Tang ( tang i@cs.odu.edu ) at Old 
Dominion University, supervised by Prof. Kurt Maly (maly@cs.odu.edu ) and Prof. Mohammad Zubair 
( zubair@cs.odu.edu) 

The DTD does not proscribe the details of complex objects such as tables, equations, or figures and 
does not include the rules for footnotes or callouts. It does handle the need for, and matching of, 
instances of the objects being created and referenced. 

<!-- ANSI/NISO Z39.18 scientific and technical reports DTD --> 


<!— Typical usage: 

<!DOCTYPE Z39-18 SYSTEM "z39.18.dtd"> 

<Z39-18> 

</Z39-18> 

— > 

<!-- This is the top level element --> 

<!ELEMENT Z39-18 (front_matter,body,back_matter) > 

<!-- Front Matter --> 

<!ELEMENT front_matter 

(metadata,cover?,noticesection?,format?,reportdocument?,copyrightpage?,foreword?,prefac 
e?,ackno*)> 

<!-- title section can be generated from metadata --> 

<!-- contend section, list of tables, list of figures can be generated by XSL --> 

<!-- general metadata --> 

<!ELEMENT metadata (report_no, title,subtitle?, seriesinfo?, creator*, abstract, 
perform_org*, sponsor_org*, publishinfo?, type?, coverage*, contract_no*, subject*, 
copyright?, distribution?, language?, code?, cover?, copyrightpage?, reportdocument?)> 

<!-- specific metadata for cover page in addtion to 

report_no, title, subtitle, seriesinfo, creator, publishinfo/publisher, 
publishinfo/date 

— > 

<!ELEMENT cover (price?, tech_requirement?, limitation?, notice?)> 

<!ELEMENT price (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- Technical requirements in cover page (e.g.for example, video, audio, digital) 

— > 

<!ELEMENT tech_requirement (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- distribution limitation --> 

<!ELEMENT limitation (#PCDATA)> 

<!ELEMENT notice (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- format section --> 

<!ELEMENT format (#PCDATA)> 



<!-- specific metadata for copyrightpage in addition to sponsor_org, code 

--> 

<!ELEMENT copyrightpage (cipdata?, country?, usepermission?, mission?, rightholder?, 
authority?, producer?)> 

<!-- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication (CIP) Data --> 

<!ELEMENT cipdata (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- The country in which the report was produced --> 

<!ELEMENT country (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- Permission for use of proprietary information --> 

<!ELEMENT usepermission (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- The mission statement of the producer, trademark information, and any disclaimers 
from the producer --> 

<!ELEMENT mission (#PCDATA)> 

. <!-- A copyright symbol, year, and the name of the copyright holder --> 

<!ELEMENT rightholder (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- Authority to copy the contents --> 

<!ELEMENT authority (#PCDATA)> 

.<!ELEMENT producer (name,address?,telephone?,webaddress*,emailaddress*)> 

<!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)> 

<!ELEMENT address (#PCDATA)> 

<!ELEMENT webaddress (#PCDATA)> 

<!ELEMENT emailaddress (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- metadata for report document page in addition to date, type, coverage, title, 
subtitle, contract_no, creator, perform_org, report no, sponsor_org, distribution, 
abstract, subject —> 

<!-- Detailed information about Standard Form 298 
is available at http://www.navysbir.com/SF298.doc --> 

<(ELEMENT reportdocument (formno, grant_no?, program_no?, project_no?, task_no?, 
work_unit_no?, sponsor_acronym*, sponsor_report_no?, notes?, classification?, 
abstract_limitation?, pages?, person_name?, telephone? )> 

<!-- form number --> 

<!ELEMENT form_no (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- grant number --> 

<!ELEMENT grant_no (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- program element number --> 

<!ELEMENT program_no (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- project number --> 

<!ELEMENT project_no (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- task number --> 

<!ELEMENT task_no (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- work unit number --> 

<!ELEMENT work_unit_no (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- Sponsor's acronym --> 

<!ELEMENT sponsoracronym (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- sponsoring agancy report number --> 

<!ELEMENT sponsor_report_no (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- supplementary notes --> 

<!ELEMENT notes (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- security classification for report, abstract, and this page--> 

<(ELEMENT classification (reportclass, abstractclass, thispageclass)> 

<(ELEMENT reportclass (#PCDATA)> 

<(ELEMENT abstractclass (#PCDATA)> 

<!ELEMENT thispageclass (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- limitation of abstract --> 

<!ELEMENT abstract_limitation (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- number of pages --> 

<!ELEMENT pages (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- name of responsible person --> 

<!ELEMENT person^name (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- telephone number --> 

<!ELEMENT telephone (#PCDATA)> 


©2005 NISO 


Page 65 






ANSI/NISO Z39.18-2005 (R2010) 


<!-- notices section --> 

<!ELEMENT noticesection (header,paragraph*)> 

<!ELEMENT foreword (header,paragraph*)> 

<!ATTLIST foreword label ID #IMPLIED> 

<!ELEMENT preface (paragraph*)> 

<!ATTLIST preface label ID #IMPLIED> 


<!-- acknowledge --> 

<!ELEMENT ackno (paragraph*)> 

<!ATTLIST ackno label ID #IMPLIED> 

<!--report number --> 

<!ELEMENT report_no (#PCDATA)> 

<!--report title --> 

<!ELEMENT title (#PCDATA)> 

<!--report subtitle --> 

<!ELEMENT subtitle (#PCDATA)> 

<!--Information about report series --> 

<!ELEMENT seriesinfo (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- . Definition: author, principal investigator, editor, compiler. 


<!ELEMENT creator (#PCDATA)> 

<!--publish data in title section --> 

<!ELEMENT publishinfo (place*,publisher*,date?)> 

<!-- Definition: publish date --> 

<!ELEMENT date (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- Subject and Keywords --> 

<!ELEMENT subject ((keyword*|category*))*> 

<!ELEMENT keyword (#PCDATA)> 

<!ELEMENT category (#PCDATA | category)*> 

<!-- abstract in front_matter --> 

<!ELEMENT abstract (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- An entity responsible for making the resource available --> 

<!ELEMENT publisher (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- Definition: A language of the resource. --> 

<!ELEMENT language (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- .. Definition: The extent or scope of the content of the resource. --> 

<!ELEMENT coverage (#PCDATA)> 

<!ELEMENT copyright (#PCDATA)> 

<!--distribution limit --> 

<!ELEMENT distribution (#PCDATA)> 

<!--bar code, isbn or issn --> 

<!ELEMENT code (#PCDATA)> 

<(ATTLIST code type (barcode|isbn|issn) #REQUIRED> 

<!-- end of front matter group --> 

<!-- body —> 

<!ELEMENT body (summary, introduction, (methods | assumptions | procedures )+, 
results, conclusions, recommendations?, references) > 

<(ELEMENT summary (section)> 

<!ELEMENT introduction (section)> 


Page 66 


©2005 NISO 





ANSI/NISO Z39.18-2005 (R2010) 


ELEMENT 

ELEMENT 

ELEMENT 

ELEMENT 

ELEMENT 

ELEMENT 


methods (section)> 
assumptions (section)> 
procedures (section)> 
results (section)> 
conclusions (section)> 
recommendations (section)> 


<!ELEMENT references (header,reference*)> 

<!-- label: an unique identifier references section --> 
<!ATTLIST references label ID #IMPLIED> 

<!ELEMENT reference (#PCDATA)> 

<!ATTLIST reference label ID #IMPLIED> 


<!ELEMENT section (header,(paragraph | figure | table | equation | informalequation | 
inlineequation | section)*)> 

<!-- label: an unique identifier for this section --> 

<(ATTLIST section label ID #IMPLIED> 

<!ELEMENT header (#PCDATA)> 

<!ELEMENT paragraph ((text | inlineequation | crossref | list | pagenumber | citation 
| indexterm | inlinegraphic )*)> 

<!-- group of list --> 

<(ELEMENT list (listitem+)> 

<!-- each list in the list group --> 

<!ELEMENT listitem ((text | inlineequation | crossref | pagenumber | citation | 
indexterm | inlinegraphic )*)> 

<!-- used for table, figure, etc. —> 

<!ELEMENT crossref (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- The identifier for the table, figure, or other element which it cited to --> 

<(ATTLIST crossref reflabel IDREF #REQUIRED> 

<!-- a citation in the body of the document --> 

<!ELEMENT citation (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- reflabel: the identifier for the cited reference --> 

<(ATTLIST citation reflabel IDREF #REQUIRED> 

<!-- index term in the body of the document --> 

<!ELEMENT indexterm (#PCDATA)> 

<(ATTLIST indexterm label ID #REQUIRED> 

<!-- just for display purpose —> 

<!ELEMENT pagenumber (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- general text --> 

<!ELEMENT text (#PCDATA)> 

<!ELEMENT table (caption?,graphic!)> 

<(ATTLIST table float CDATA #IMPLIED 
label ID #IMPLIED 
pgwide CDATA #IMPLIED> 

<!ELEMENT figure (caption?,graphic!)> 

<(ATTLIST figure float CDATA #IMPLIED 
label ID #IMPLIED 
pgwide CDATA #IMPLIED> 

<!-- The meaning of the attributes for graphic and inlinegraphic is compliant with 
DocBook standard, 

...http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/documentation/reference/html/doebook.html 

--> 

<!ELEMENT graphic (#PCDATA)> 

<(ATTLIST graphic sreedit CDATA #IMPLIED 


©2005 NISO 


Page 67 




ANSI/NISO Z39.18-2005 (R2010) 


format (GIF| JPEG) #IMPLIED 

fileref CDATA #IMPLIED 

align (left|center|right) #IMPLIED 

width CDATA "80%" 

depth CDATA #IMPLIED 

scale CDATA #IMPLIED 

scalefit CDATA #IMPLIED> 

<!-- graphic should keep in the same line of its surrounding texts --> 

<!ELEMENT inlinegraphic (#PCDATA)> 

<!ATTLIST inlinegraphic srcedit CDATA #IMPLIED 
format (GIF| JPEG) #IMPLIED 
fileref CDATA #IMPLIED 
width CDATA "80%" 
depth CDATA #IMPLIED 
scale CDATA #IMPLIED 
scalefit CDATA #IMPLIED> 

<!ELEMENT caption (#PCDATA)> 

<!-- an equation is a formal mathematical equation (with an optional title). --> 
<!ELEMENT equation (caption?,alt?,graphic!)> 

<!ATTLIST equation label ID #IMPLIED> 

<!-- informalequation is usually a mathematical equation or 
a group of related mathematical equations. --> 

<!ELEMENT informalequation (alt?,graphicf)> 

<!-- inlineequations are expressions that occur in the text flow. --> 

<!ELEMENT inlineequation (alt?,graphic!)> 

<!ELEMENT alt (#PCDATA)> 

<1 -********* ******************************* ****** ******** ************-> 

.... <!ELEMENT back_matter (appendix*, los*, bibliography?, glossary?, index?, 
distribution_list?) > 

<!ELEMENT appendix (header,(section)*) > 

<!ATTLIST appendix label ID #IMPLIED> 

<!ELEMENT bibliography (header,paragraph*) > 

<!ATTLIST bibliography label ID #IMPLIED> 

<!— list of symbol, abbrev. , acronym, etc —> 

<!ELEMENT los (header,losentry*) > 

<!ATTLIST los label ID #IMPLIED> 

<!-- one entry of the list --> 

<!ELEMENT losentry ((losterm|lossym),losdef) > 

<!-- term to be defined --> 

<!ELEMENT losterm (#PCDATA) > 

<!— symbol to be defined —> 

<!ELEMENT lossym (graphic) > 

<!-- the definition of the term or the symbol --> 

<!ELEMENT losdef (#PCDATA) > 

<!ELEMENT index (header,indexentry*) > 

<!ATTLIST index label ID #IMPLIED> 

<!-- one entry of index --> 

<!ELEMENT indexentry (#PCDATA) > 

<!ATTLIST indexentry reflabel IDREF #REQUIRED> 

<!-- distribution list --> 

<!ELEMENT distribution_list (paragraph*) > 

<!ELEMENT glossary (header,glossarydivl) > 


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<!ATTLIST glossary label ID #IMPLIED> 

.<!-- A section of a glossary. A Glossary might be divided into sections 

in order to group terms, perhaps alphabetically. --> 

<!ELEMENT glossdiv (header,glossentry*) > 

<!-- An entry of glossary --> 

.<!ELEMENT glossentry (glossterm,acronym?,abbrev?,(glosssee|glossdef!)) > 

<!ATTLIST glossentry id ID #IMPLIED > 

<!-- the definition of the term is available from another term, i.e, 
they have the same definition. --> 

<!ELEMENT glosssee (#PCDATA) > 

<(ATTLIST glosssee otherterm IDREF #IMPLIED > 

<!ELEMENT glossdef (paragraph,glossseealso*) > 

<(ATTLIST glossdef subject CDATA #IMPLIED> 

<!-- glossary term --> 

<!ELEMENT glossterm (#PCDATA) > 

<(ATTLIST glossterm baseform CDATA #IMPLIED > 

<!ELEMENT acronym (#PCDATA) > 

<!ELEMENT abbrev (#PCDATA) > 

<!-- see also, used when terms have some relationships --> 

<!ELEMENT glossseealso (#PCDATA) > 

<(ATTLIST glossseealso otherterm IDREF #IMPLIED > 

SAMPLE XSL (STYLE SHEET) 

<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" 
xmlns:fo="http://www.w3.org/199 9/XSL/Format" 
version='1.0 ' > 

<xsl:template match ="Z39-18"> 

<body> 

<xsl:apply-templates select ="front_matter"/> 

<xsl:apply-templates select ="body"/> 

<xsl:apply-templates select ="back_matter"/> 

</body> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match="front_matter"> 

<xsl:apply-templates/> 

<!-- Display Table of Content --> 

<DIV STYLE="background-color:yellow; color;white; padding:4px"> 

<SPAN STYLE="font-weight:bold; color:black"> 

<b><h2XP ALIGN= "CENTER">TABLE OF C0NTENTS</PX/h2></b></SPAN> 

</DIV> 

<xsl:for-each select="//body/*/section| //body/references| 

//back_matter/appendix| //back_matter/los| //backjnatter/bibliography| 

//back_matter/glossary| //back_matter/index"> 

<emXPXULXLl> 

<a> 

<xsl:attribute name="href"> 

#<xsl:value-of select="@label"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

<xsl:value-of select = "header"/> 

</a> 

<xsl:for-each select="section"> 

<emXPXULXL2> 

<a> 

<xsl:attribute name="href"> 

#<xsl:value-of select="@label"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

<xsl:value-of select = "header"/> 

</a> 

</L2x/ULx/Px/em> 

</xsl:for-each> 

</Llx/ULx/Px/em> 


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</xsl:for-each> 

<!-- Display List of Figures --> 

<DIV STYLE="background-color:yellow; color;white; padding:4px"> 
<SPAN STYLE="font-weight:bold; color:black"> 

<bxh2><p ALIGN= "CENTER">LIST OF Figures</PX/h2x/b> 

</SPAN> 

</DIV> 

<xsl:for-each select="//body//figure"> 

<em><PXULXLl > 

<a> 

<xsl:attribute name="href"> 

#<xsl:value-of select="@label"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

<xsl:value-of select = "caption"/> 

</a> 

</Llx/ULx/Px/em> 

</xsl:for-each> 

<!-- Display List of Tables --> 

<DIV STYLE="background-color;yellow; color;white; padding:4px"> 
<SPAN STYLE="font-weight:bold; color:black"> 

<bXh2><P ALIGN= "CENTER">LIST OF Tables</P></h2x/b> 

</SPAN> 

</DIV> 

<xsl:for-each select="//body//table"> 

<emxP><ULXLl > 

<a> 

<xsl:attribute name="href"> 

#<xsl:value-of select="@label"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

<xsl:value-of select = "caption"/> 

</a> 

</Llx/ULx/Px/em> 

</xsl:for-each> 

<!-- Display List of Tables --> 

<DIV STYLE="background-color;yellow; color;white; padding:4px"> 
<SPAN STYLE="font-weight:bold; color:black"> 

<bXh2><P ALIGN="CENTER">LIST OF Equations</PX/h2x/b> 

</SPAN> 

</DIV> 

<xsl:for-each select="//body//equation"> 

<em><PXULXLl > 

<a> 

<xsl:attribute name="href"> 

#<xsl:value-of select="@label"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

<xsl:value-of select = "@label"/> 

</a> 

</Llx/ULx/Px/em> 

</xsl:for-each> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl;template match ="preface"> 

<h3 ALIGN="CENTER" style="background-color;gray"> 

<xsl:apply-templates select="header"/> 

</h3> 

<xsl:apply-templates select="paragraph"/> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="metadata"> 

<DIV STYLE="background-color;teal; color:white; padding:4px"> 
<SPAN STYLE="font-weight:bold; color:white"> 

<hl> Metadata </hl> 


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</SPAN> 

</DIV> 

<xsl:apply-templates 
<xsl:apply-templates 
<xsl:apply-templates 
<xsl:apply-templates 
<xsl:apply-templates 
<xsl:apply-templates 
<xsl:apply-templates 
<xsl:apply-templates 
<xsl:apply-templates 
<xsl:apply-templates 
<xsl:apply-templates 
<xsl:apply-templates 
<xsl:apply-templates 
<xsl:apply-templates 
<xsl:apply-templates 
<xsl:apply-templates 
<xsl:apply-templates 
<xsl:apply-templates 
<xsl:apply-templates 
<xsl:apply-templates 
</xsl:template> 


select 

select 

select 

select 

select 

select 

select 

select 

select 

select 

select 

select 

select 

select 

select 

select 

select 

select 

select 

select 


="report_no"/> 

="title"/> 

="seriesinfo"/> 

^"creator"/> 

="abstract"/> 

="perform_org"/> 
="sponsor_org"/> 
="publishinfo/place"/> 

= "pub li shin fo/pub Usher "/> 
="publishinfo/date"/> 
="type"/> 

="coverage"/> 

="contract_no"/> 

="subject"/> 

="copyright"/> 
="distribution"/> 

="code"/> 

="cover"/> 
="copyrightpage"/> 
="reportdocument"/> 


<xsl:template match 

= "seriesinfo|creator|type|coverage|contract^no|subj ect|copyright|distribution|language" 
> 

<title> <xsl:value-of select="node()"/> </title> 

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> 

<tr><td width="160" valign="top" bgcolor="#E5E5E5"> 

<bxi><xsl: value-of select=" local-name () "/x/ix/bx/td> 

<td bgcolor=" #FFFFFF"> 

<xsl:apply-templates/> 

</td> 

</tr> 

</table> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="cover|reportdocument|copyrightpage"> 

<p>addition information for <xsl:value-of select="local-name()"/> 

</p> 

<ul > 

<xsl:for-each select="*"> 

<li> 

<xsl:value-of select="local-name()"/> : <xsl:value-of select="."/> 

</li> 

</xsl:for-each> 

</ul> 

</xsl:template> 


<xsl:template match ="code"> 

<title> <xsl:value-of select="node()"/> </title> 

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> 
<trxtd width="160" valign="top" bgcolor="#E5E5E5"> 
<bxi>Code (<xsl: value-of select="@type"/>) </ix/bx/td> 
<td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> 

<xsl:value-of select="."/> 

</td> 

</tr> 

</table> 

</xsl:template> 


<xsl:template match ="report_no"> 


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<title> <xsl:value-of select="node()"/> </title> 
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> 
<tr><td width="160" valign="top" bgcolor="#E5E5E5"> 
<bxi>Report Number</ix/bx/td> 

<td bgcolor=" #FFFFFF"> 

<xsl:apply-templates/> 

</td> 

</tr> 

</table> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="title"> 

<title> <xsl:value-of select="node()"/> </title> 
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> 
<trxtd width="160" valign="top" bgcolor="#E5E5E5"> 
<bxi>Title</ix/bx/td> 

<td bgcolor=" #FFFFFF"> 

<xsl:apply-templates/> 

</td> 

</tr> 

</table> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="publisher"> 

<title> <xsl:value-of select="node()"/> </title> 
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> 
<trxtd width="160" valign="top" bgcolor="#E5E5E5"> 
<bxi>Publisher</ix/bx/td> 

<td bgcolor=" #FFFFFF" > 

<xsl:apply-templates/> 

</td> 

</tr> 

</table> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="date"> 

<title> <xsl:value-of select="node()"/> </title> 
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> 
<trxtd width="160" valign="top" bgcolor="#E5E5E5"> 
<bxi>Date</i></bx/td> 

<td bgcolor=" #FFFFFF" > 

<xsl:apply-templates/> 

</td> 

</tr> 

</table> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="abstract"> 

<title> <xsl:value-of select="node()"/> </title> 
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> 
<trxtd width="160" valign="top" bgcolor="#E5E5E5"> 
<bxi>Abstract</ix/bx/td> 

<td bgcolor=" #FFFFFF" > 

<xsl:apply-templates/> 

</td> 

</tr> 

</table> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="perform_org"> 

<title> <xsl:value-of select="node()"/> </title> 
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> 
<trxtd width="160" valign="top" bgcolor="#E5E5E5"> 


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<bxi> Per forming Organization</i></bX/td> 

<td bgcolor=" #FFFFFF"> 

<xsl:apply-templates/> 

</td> 

</tr> 

</table> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="sponsor_org"> 

<title> <xsl:value-of select="node()"/> </title> 
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> 
<trxtd width="160" valign="top" bgcolor="#E5E5E5"> 
<bxi>Sponsor</ix/bx/td> 

<td bgcolor=" #FFFFFF" > 

<xsl:apply-templates/> 

</td> 

</tr> 

</table> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="place"> 

<title> <xsl:value-of select="node()"/> </title> 
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> 
<trxtd width="160" valign="top" bgcolor="#E5E5E5"> 
<bxi>Publishing Place</ix/bx/td> 

<td bgcolor=" #FFFFFF"> 

<xsl:apply-templates/> 

</td> 

</tr> 

</table> 

</xsl:template> 


<xsl:template match ="subject"> 

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> 
<trxtd width="160" valign="top" bgcolor="#E5E5E5"> 
<bxi>Subj ect</ix/b> 

<td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> 

</td> 

</td> 

</tr> 

</table> 

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> 
<trxtd width="160" valign="top" bgcolor="#E5E5E5"> 
<bxix/ix/bx/td> 

<td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> 

<emxb>Categories: </bx/em> 

<xsl:apply-templates select ="category"/> 

</td> 

</tr> 

</table> 

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> 
<trxtd width="160" valign="top" bgcolor="#E5E5E5"> 
<bxix/ix/bx/td> 

<td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> 

<emxb>Keywords: </bx/em> 

<xsl:apply-templates select ="keyword"/> 

</td> 

</tr> 

</table> 

</xsl:template> 


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<xsl:template match ="category"> 

<xsl:value-of select="node()"/> 

<xsl:if test="category"> 

/ 

<xsl:apply-templates select ="category"/> 
</xsl:if> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="keyword"> 

<xsl:value-of select="node()"/> 

<xsl:if test="position() &lt; last()"> 

f 

</xsl:if> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="descrioption"> 

<xsl:apply-templates select ="abstract"/> 
</xsl:template> 


<xsl:template match ="creation"> 

<bxem>Creation: </emx/b> 

<xsl:apply-templates/> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="lastmodefied"> 

<bxem> Last modefied:</emx/b> 

<xsl:apply-templates/> 

</xsl:template> 

< I-************************************************************************-> 

<xsl:template match ="body"> 

<DIV STYLE="background-color:teal; color:white; padding:4px"> 

<SPAN STYLE="font-weight:bold; color:white"> 

<hl> Document </hl> 

</SPAN> 

</DIV> 

<hl><P ALIGN="CENTER"><xsl:value-of select="//metadata/title"/> 

</Px/hl> 

<xsl:apply-templates /> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match 

="summary|introduction|methods|assumptions|procedures|results|conclusions!recommendatio 
ns "> 

<xsl:apply-templates select="section"/> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="section"> 

<a> 

<xsl:attribute name="name"> 

<xsl:value-of select="@label"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

</a> 

<xsl:apply-templates/> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="header"> 

<xsl:choose> 

<xsl:when test="count(ancestor::node()/header) = 1"> 

<h2> 

<xsl:value-of select="node()"/> 

</h2> 


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</xsl:when> 

<xsl:when test="count((ancestor::node()/header)) = 2"> 

<h3> 

<xsl:value-of select="node()"/> 

</h3> 

</xsl:when> 

<xsl:when test="count(ancestor::node()/header) = 3"> 

<h4><xsl:value-of select="node()"/></h4> 

</xsl:when> 

<xsl:otherwise> 

<h5Xxsl: value-of select="node () "/></h5> 

</xsl:otherwise> 

</xsl:choose> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="paragraph"> 

<P> 

<xsl:apply-templates/> 

</P> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="pagenumber"> 

<br/> 

<DIV STYLE="background-color:teal; color:white; padding:4px"> 
<SPAN STYLE="font-weight:bold; color:white"> 

<center> 

- End of Page <xsl:value-of select="node()"/> - 

</center> 

</SPAN> 

</DIV> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="list"> 

<ul > 

<xsl:for-each select="listitem"> 

<li><xsl: value-of select=" . "/x/li> 

</xsl:for-each> 

</ul> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="figure"> 

<a> 

<xsl:attribute name="name"> 

<xsl:value-of select="@label"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

</a> 

<P ALIGN="CENTER"> 

<xsl:apply-templates select="graphic"/> 

</P> 

<P ALIGN="CENTER"> 

<xsl:apply-templates select="caption"/> 

</P> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="equation"> 

<a> 

<xsl:attribute name="name"> 

<xsl:value-of select="@label"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

</a> 

<xsl:apply-templates select="graphic"/> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="inlineequation"> 


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<xsl:apply-templates select="graphic"/> 
</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="table"> 

<a> 

<xsl:attribute name="name"> 

<xsl:value-of select="@label"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

</a> 

<P ALIGN="CENTER"> 

<xsl:apply-templates select="caption"/> 
</P> 

<P ALIGN="CENTER"> 

<xsl:apply-templates select="graphic"/> 
</P> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="graphic"> 

<img> 

<xsl:attribute name="src"> 

<xsl:value-of select="@fileref"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

<xsl:attribute name="width"> 

<xsl:value-of select="@width"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

</img> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="caption"> 

<xsl:value-of select="node()"/> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="references"> 

<a> 

<xsl:attribute name="name"> 

<xsl:value-of select="@label"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

</a> 

<xsl:apply-templates select="header"/> 

<xsl:apply-templates select="reference"/> 
</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="index"> 

<a> 

<xsl:attribute name="name"> 

<xsl:value-of select="@label"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

</a> 

<xsl:apply-templates select="header"/> 

<xsl:apply-templates select="indexentry"/> 
</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="crossref|citation"> 

<a> 

<xsl:attribute name="href"> 

#<xsl:value-of select="@reflabel"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

<xsl:value-of select="."/> 

</a> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="indexentry"> 

<P> 

<a> 


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<xsl:attribute name="href"> 

#<xsl:value-of select="@reflabel"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

<xsl:value-of select="."/> 

</a> 

</p> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="reference"> 

<P> 

<L1 > 

<a> 

<xsl:attribute name="name"> 

<xsl:value-of select="@label"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

</a> 

<xsl:value-of select="node()"/> 

</Ll> 

</P> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="indexterm"> 

<a> 

<xsl:attribute name="name"> 

<xsl:value-of select="@label"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

</a> 

<SPAN STYLE="font-weight:bold; color;red"> 

<xsl:value-of select="node()"/> 

</SPAN> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl;template match="back_matter"> 

<xsl:apply-templates/> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match ="los"> 

<a> 

<xsl:attribute name="name"> 

<xsl:value-of select="@label"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

</a> 

<xsl:apply-templates select="header"/> 

<table> 

<xsl:for-each select="losentry"> 

<tr> 

<tdxb><xsl: value-of select="losterm" /x/bx/td> 

<td><xsl:value-of select="losdef"/></td> 

</tr> 

</xsl:for-each> 

</table> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl;template match="appendix"> 

<a> 

<xsl:attribute name="name"> 

<xsl:value-of select="@label"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

</a> 

<h3 ALIGN="CENTER" style="background-color;gray"> 

Appendix <xsl:apply-templates select="@labe1"/>:<xsl:apply-templates 
select="header"/> 

</h3> 


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<xsl:apply-templates select="section"/> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match="bibliography|index"> 

<a> 

<xsl:attribute name="name"> 

<xsl:value-of select="@label"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

</a> 

<xsl:apply-templates /> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match="glossary"> 

<a> 

<xsl:attribute name="name"> 

<xsl:value-of select="@label"/> 

</xsl:attribute> 

</a> 

<h3 ALIGN="CENTER" style="background-color:gray"> 

Glossary :<xsl:apply-templates select="header"/> 

</h3> 

<xsl:apply-templates select="glossdiv"/> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match="glossdiv"> 

<p>....</p> 

<p>- 

<b><xsl: apply-templates select="header"/x/b>- 

</p> 

<xsl:apply-templates select="glossentry"/> 

<p>....</p> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match="glossentry"> 

<pxb><xsl: value-of select="glossterm"/x/b><xsl: apply-templates 
select=" acronym" /x/p> 

<blockquote> 

<xsl:apply-templates select="abbrev"/> 

<xsl:apply-templates select="glossdef"/> 

<xsl:apply-templates select="glosssee"/> 

</blockquote> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match="glossdef"> 

<xsl:apply-templates select="paragraph"/> 

<xsl:apply-templates select="glossseealso"/> 

</xsl:template> 


<xsl:template match="glosssee"> 

<p>Please see definition of <b><xsl: value-of select="@otherterm"/x/bx/p> 
</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match="acronym"> 

(<b><xsl :value-of select=" . ”/x/b>) 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match="abbrev"> 

<p>Abbrev. <b><xsl: value-of select=" . "/x/bx/p> 

</xsl:template> 

<xsl:template match="glossseealso"> 

<p>See also <b><xsl: value-of select="@otherterm"/x/bx/p> 

</xsl:template> 


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</xsl:stylesheet> 


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ANSI/NISO Z39.18-2005 (R2010) 


Index 


This is a subject index to the conceptual and practical terms of report organization and design. It 
covers only the Standard itself. The front matter and appendixes are not indexed. The index refers 
readers to section, figure (f.), and table (t.) numbers, not page numbers. Section numbers referring to 
passages of significant interest or length are set in bold face type. Compiled by Jane L. Cohen 


ANSI standards, 2.1 
abbreviations and acronyms, 6.5, 6.9 
in abstracts, 5.1.6 
in back matter, 5.3 
in figures, 6.2.2 
in summaries, 5.2.1 
in titles, 5.1.2.2 
lists, t. 1, 5.3.3, 6.9.1 
tables of contents, f. 6 
abstracts, t. 1, 5.1.6, 5.2.1 

on report documentation pages, 5.1.5 
tables of contents, f. 6 
academic degrees of authors 
See authors, affiliations 
access, 3.2-3.3, 3.9, 4.2.3, 6.1.3 
restrictions, 5.1.3 

See also discovery; publication and distribution 
acknowledgements, t. 1, 5.1.11 
in preface, 5.1.10 
acronyms 

See abbreviations and acronyms 
administrative information, 4.3 
administrative metadata, t.1, 4.2.3 
affiliations of authors 

See authors, affiliations 
American National Standards, 2.1 
apparatus 

See scientific apparatus and instruments 
appendices, t. 1, 5.3.1, 6.2.1 
Arabic numbers, 5.1.2.2, 5.2.7, 6.2.1, 6.4.1, 6.5, 
6.7 

arrangement 

See numbering; organization; pagination 
assumptions 

See methods, assumptions, and procedures 
audience, 1.1, 1.4, 3.5, 3.8, 5.1.4, 5.2, 5.2.2 
of preface, 5.1.10 
of summaries, 5.2.1 
impact on format indices, 5.3.5 
See also publication and distribution 
authors 

affiliations, 5.1.2., 5.1.2.3 

best practices, 1.5 

of foreword, 5.1.9 

of prefaces, 5.1.10 

of references, 5.2.7 

ofreports, 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.1.2.3 

See also compilers, performing organizations 


back matter, t.1, 4.3, 5.1.5, 5.2.7, 5.3 
See also specific component names 
best practices, 1.5, 5.1.1, 5.1.2.2, 6.11.3 
bibliographic entries 

See bibliographies, references 
bibliographies, t. 1, 5.2.7, 5.3, 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 6.8, 
6.9.1 

body of reports, t.1, 4.3, 5.2-5.2.7 
See also specific component names 
browsers, 6.2.1.2, 6.2.3.3 

callouts, 6.2.2 
capitalization 

in appendixes, 5.3.1 
in glossaries, 6.10 
in indexes, 6.11 

of headings and subheadings, 6.1.1 
of Roman numerals, 6.4.2, 6.9.1 
of symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms, 6.9.1 
of units and numbers, 6.5 
captions, 5.2.4 
of figures, 6.2.2 
cardinal numbers, 6.5 
chapters 

See sections 
charts 

See figures 

chemical notation and analysis 

See scientific notation and analysis 
classified information, 3.4, 3.9, 5.1.1, 5.1.3, 5.3.6 
color, 6.2.2 

substitutes, 6.2.2 
substitutes, sample, f. 7 
columns, 6.1.1, 6.3.1.1, 6.9.2, 6.11.2 
column heads, 6.2.3.1, 6.2.3.2 
compilers, 5.1.1, 5.1.2 
See also authors 

components of reports, t. 1, 4.3-5.3.6 
See also specific component names 
computers, 3.6.1, 5.3.1, 6.6 
conclusions, t. 1, 5.2, 5.2.2, 5.2.4, 5.2.5 
in abstracts, 5.1.6 
in summaries, 5.2.1 

contents section, t.1, 3.6.3, 4.2.2,5.1.5, 5.1.7, 
5.1.8, 6.2.3.1 
pagination on, 6.4.2 
sample, f. 6 

contract- and grant-funded research and reports, 
5.1.2, 5.1.2.4, 3.1.3.1, 6.3 
numbering, 5.1.2 

See also government-generated research and 
reports 


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copyrighted information, 3.4, 5.1.3.1 
covers, t. 1, 5.1.1, 4.3, 6.4.2 

authors’/creators’ names on, 5.1.2.3 
samples, f. 2a, f. 3a 
titles on, 5.1.2 

creation of reports, 3.4, 3.10, 4.3 
See also publication and distribution 
creators 

See authors 

credit lines, 5.1.3.1, 5.2.7 

data elements 
on cover, 5.1.1 
on title pages, 5.1.2 
See also metadata 

dates of publication, 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.2.7 
See also publication data 
decimal numbers, 6.1.1, 6.5 
descriptive metadata, t. 1, 4.2.1 
See also metadata 
design of reports, 1.1, 6-6.12 

See also specific component or element names 
diagrams 
See figures 

digital format, f. 1, 1.1, 3.1, 3.6, 3.9, 5.1.4, 6.1.3, 
6.4.1 

access, 3.9 
discovery, 3.5 
distribution, 3.9 
errata, 6.12.3 

figures and tables, 6.2.1, 6.2.2 
table of contents, 5.1.7 
See also, DTD; format; metadata; XML; XSL 
disclaimers, 5.1.3.1, 5.1.3.2 
discovery, 3.5, 3.10, 4.2.1 
discussion 

See results and discussion 
display 

See presentation and display 
dissemination, 3.8, 5.1.3.1 

See also access, publication and distribution 
distribution 

See access, audience; dissemination; publication 
and distribution 
Document Type Definition 
See DTD 

draft reports, 5.1.3.2 

DTD, f.1, 1.1, 3.6, 3.6.1, 3.10 

editors, 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.1.2.3, 5.1.10 
See also authors 
elements of reports, t. 1, 3 

optional, conditional and required, t. 1, 5-5.3.6 
See also specific element names 
endnotes, 6.7 

See also footnotes 

equations, f. 9, f 10, 5.3.1, 6.3.1.2, 6.6, 6.12.1 
See also formulas 
equipment 

See printing equipment; scientific apparatus and 
instruments 

errata, 5.3.6, 6.12-6.12.3 
executive summaries, 5.1.6, 5.2.1 
Extensible Markup Language. 

See XML 


figures, 5.1, 5.2.4, 5.2.7, 5.3.1, 6.2.2. 
legibility and reproducibility, 6.2.1-6.2.1.1 
lists, t. 1, 5.1.8 
numbering, 6.5 
sample, f. 7 
See also tables 
fonts, 6.1.1, 6.3.1.2 

See also, graphic techniques; image area; 
indentation and spacing; legibility; lines; margins; 
readability; superscripts and subscripts 
footnotes, 5.2.7, 6.2.2, 6.2.3.1, 6.7 
See also endnotes 

format information, f.1, t. 1, 3.6-3.7, 4.2.3, 5.14 
See also, administrative metadata, design of 
reports; digital format; page format 
formulas, 6.2.2, 6.3.1.2, 6.6, 6.12.1 
See also equations 
forewords, t. 1, 5.1.9 

front matter, t. 1, 4.3, 5.1-5.1.11, 6.4.2, 6.5. 

See also specific component names 

glossaries, t. 1, 5.3.4, 6.10 
government-generated research and reports 
copyright, 5.1.3.1 
distribution lists, 5.3.6 
notices, 5.1.3.2 
numbering, 5.1.2.1 
report documentation pages, 5.1.5 
referencing, 5.2.7 

See also contract- and grant-funded research and 
reports 

grant-funded research and reports 

See contract- and grant-funded research and 
reports 

graphic techniques, 6.2.1, 6.2.2, 6.3 
sample, f. 7 
See also figures, fonts 
graphs 

See figures 

headers and footers, 6.3.2.1-6.3.2.2, 6.4.2 
headings and subheadings, 5.1.7, 5.3.5, 6.1.1, 
6.2.3.1, 6.4.2 

See also indexes; sections; subject matter; terms 

illustrations 
See figures 

image area, 6.2.1.1, 6.3.2.1 
indentation and spacing, 6.1.1, 6.3.1 
in bibliographies and references, 6.8 
in formulas and equations, 6.6 
in glossaries, 6.10 
in indexes, 6.11.1 

See also fonts; image area; lines; margins 
indices, t. 1, 5.3.5, 6.11-6.11.3 

See also headings and subheadings 
ink, 6.3.2.3 
instruments 

See scientific apparatus and instruments 
International System of Units (SI), 6.5 
interoperability, 3.3 

See also digital format, DTD, metadata, 
persistence 

introductions, t. 1, 4.1, 5.2.2 
investigators, 5.1.1, 5.1.2.3 
See also authors 


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laser printers, 6.3.2.4 
legibility, 6.2.2, 6.3.2.3 

See also fonts, page format 
length 

of abstracts, 5.1.6 
of executive summaries, 5.1.6 
of formulas and equations, 6.6 
of lines, 6.3.1.1 
of reports, 6.4.1 
of summary, 5.2.1 
See also size 

lines, 6.3.1.1, 6.6, 6.8, 6.10 
links, 3.2, 3.10, 6.1.3, 6.2.1 
in indices, 5.3.5, 6.11.3 
in references, 5.2.7 
in table of contents, 5.1.7 
lists 

distribution lists, t. 1, 5.3.6 
of figures and tables, t. 1, 5.1.8 
of recommendations, 5.2.6 
of references, t. 1, 5.2.7, 6.8 
of subheadings, 5.1.7 

of symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms, t. 1, 
5.3.3, 6.9.1 

of terms. See glossaries 

maintenance and preservation, 3.10 
margins, 6.3.1.1, 6.3.2.2 

mathematical notation and analysis, 5.3.1, 6.2.3.1, 
6.3.1.2, 6.5 

See also scientific notation and analysis 
measurement 

See units of measurement 
media, 1.1, 3.3, 3.10 

metadata, t. 1, 3.1, 3.6.2-3.6.3, 4.2-4.2.3, 4.3 
for access, 3.9 
for creation, 3.4 
for discovery, 3.5 
for publication and distribution, 3.9 
schema. See DTD 
See also specific types of metadata 
methods, assumptions, and procedures, t. 1, 4.2, 
5.2.3 

in abstracts, 5.1.6 
units of measurement used in, 6.5 
multimedia 
See media 

multi-volume sets, 5.1.2.2, 6.4.2 

National Technical Information Service (NTIS) 
numbers, 5.2.7 
notation 

See mathematical notation and analysis, scientific 
notation and analysis 
notices, t. 1, 5.1.3.2 
sample, f. 4 
numbering, 6.5 
appendixes, 5.3.1 

figures and tables, 5.1.8, 6.2.1, 6.2.2, 6.2.3.1, 

6 . 2 . 3.2 

footnotes and endnotes, 6.7 
formulas and equations, 6.6 
government-generated reports, 5.2.7 
headings and subheadings, 6.1.1 
multi-volume sets, 5.1.2.2 


numbering (continued) 
recommendations, 5.2.6 
references, 5.2.7 
reports, 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.1.2.1 
series, 5.1.2.1 

See also organization; pagination 
numbers, 6.5 

See also specific types of numbers 
opinions, 5.2.5 

optional elements, t. 1, 4.3, 5.1.1-5.1.10, 5.3.5 

ordinal numbers, 6.5 

organization 

of appendixes, 5.3.1 
of bibliographies, 5.3.2 
of figures and tables, 6.2.2-6.2.3.2 
of formulas and equations, 6.6 
of glossaries, 5.3.4, 6.10 
of headings and subheadings, 6.1.1 
of indexes, 5.3.5 
of references, 5.2.7 
ofreports, t. 1, 1.1, 4.3, 5-5.3.6 
of symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms, 5.3.3 
See also specific report components 
orientation 

of figures and tables, 6.2.1.1 
page format, 6.3.2.1, 6.4.2, 6.11.2 

See also fonts; format information; indentation and 
spacing; ink; legibility; lines; margins; paper; 
printing equipment; readability; reproducibility 
pagination^.1.7, 6.1.2, 6.4.1-6.4.2, 6.5 
See also numbering; organization 
paper, 3.10, 6.3.2.3 
percentages, 6.5 

performing organizations, 5.1.2, 5.1.2.1, 5.1.2.4 
See also sponsoring organizations 
persistence, 3.2 

See also interoperability; maintenance and 
preservation; metadata 
photographs 
See figures 

prefaces, t. 1, 5.1.7, 5.1.10, 5.2.2, 6.4.2 
presentation and display, t. 1, 3.3, 3.7, 6.3, 3.10, 
6 . 1.1 

in digital format, f. 1, 3.6 

of formulas and equations, 6.6 

See also DTD, elements of reports; media, XML, 

XSL 

preservation 

See maintenance and preservation 
printing equipment, 6.3.2.4 
Privacy Act of 1974, 5.3.6 
procedures 

See methods, assumptions, and procedures 
proprietary information, 5.1.1, 5.1.3.1-5.1.3.2, 5.3.6 
publication and distribution, 3.8-3.9, 5.1.2.4 
distribution lists, t. 1, 5.3.6 
distribution notices, 5.1.3.2 
distribution notices, sample, f. 4 
restricted distribution, t. 1, 3.9, 5.1.1 
See also audience; government-generated 
research and reports; sponsoring organizations 
publication data, 1.2, 3.1, 3.7, 3.10, 5.1.2, 5.2.7 
See also metadata, XSL 


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purposes, 1.1, 5.1 
in abstracts, 5.1.6 
in introductions, 5.2.2 
in prefaces, 5.1.10 
in summaries, 5.2.1 
See also scope; subject matter 

readability, 6.3 

See also fonts, format information, page format 
readership 

See audience; publication and distribution 
reagents, 5.2.3 

See also scientific apparatus and instruments 
recommendations, t. 1, 5.2, 5.2.6 
in abstracts, 5.1.6 
in summaries, 5.2.1 
references, 5.2.7, 5.3, 6.8 
in bibliographies, 5.3.2 
in tables, 6.2.3.1 
links, 6.11.3 

lists, t. 1, 5.2.7, 5.3.2, 6.8 
metadata, 4.2.1 

report documentation pages, t. 1, 5.1.5 
abstracts on, 5.1.6 
authors'/creators’ names on, 5.1.2.3 
titles on, 5.1.2, 5.1.2.2 
report numbers, 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.1.2.1 
reports 

See scientific and technical reports 
reproducibility, 6.2.2, 6.3.2.3 

See also fonts; interoperability; page format 
required elements, t. 1, 4.3, 5.1.2, 5.1.6-5.1.8, 

5.2.1-5.2.5 
research 

See conclusions; contract- and grant- funded 
research and reports; government-funded research 
and reports; methods, assumptions, and 
procedures; performing organizations; 
recommendations; results and discussion; scientific 
apparatus and instruments; scientific notation and 
analysis; sponsoring organizations; test techniques 
restricted distribution 

See publication and distribution 
results and discussion, t. 1, 5.2, 5.2.4 
in abstracts, 5.1.6 
in conclusions, 5.2.5 
in summaries, 5.2.1 
Roman numerals, 6.4.2, 6.5 
rows, 6.2.3.1—6.2.3.2 
row heads, 6.2.3.1 

SI units, 6.5 
schematic drawings 
See figures 

scientific and technical reports 
definitions, 1.1 

numbering, 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.1.2.1 
other publications useful in preparing, 2.3 
other standards useful in preparing, 2.1-2.2 
standard for, 5.1.2.1 

See also contract- and grant-funded research and 
reports; design of reports; elements of reports; 
government-generated research and reports; 
organization, of reports 

scientific apparatus and instruments, 5.2.3, 5.3.1 


scientific notation and analysis, 5.3.1, 6.2.2, 6.5, 6.6, 
6.9.1 

See also mathematical notation and analysis; units 
of measurement 
scope, 1.3, 5.1 

in abstracts, 5.1.6 
in indices, 5.3.5 
in introductions, 5.2.2 
in prefaces, 5.1.10 
in summaries, 5.2.1 
See also purposes; subject matter 
sections, t.1, 5.1.2-5.3.6 

See also headings and subheadings; text matter 
series, 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.1.2.2 5.1.9 
size 

of figures and tables, 6.2.1.1, 6.2.2 
of font, 6.3.1.2 
of image area, 6.3.2.1 
of margins, 6.3.2.2 
of paper, 6.3.2.3 
See also length 
software, 3.4, 3.7, 5.1.4 

for formulas and equations, 6.6 
metadata, 4.2.3 
proprietary, 3.5 
See also format information 
sources of information 

See bibliographies; lists, of references; references 
spacing 

See indentation and spacing 
sponsoring organizations, 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.1.2.1, 

5.1.2.4, 5.1.3.1 
Standard Form 298 

See report documentation pages 
structural metadata, t.1, 4.2.2 
style sheets 
See XSL 

subject matter, 3.5, 4.2.1, 5.1.2, 5.2.2 

See also headings and subheadings; purposes; 
scope; terms 

subordination, 6.1-6.1.1, 6.3 
See also design of reports 
summaries, t. 1, 5.2.1 

See also executive summaries 
superscripts and subscripts, 6.2.2, 6.2.3.1, 6.6, 6.7, 
6.9.1 

symbols, 6.3.1.2, 6.9.1, 6.9.2 
in abstracts, 5.1.6 
in figures, 6.2.6 
in footnotes, 6.7 
in formulas and equations, 6.6 
lists, t. 1, 5.3.3 
in summaries, 5.2.1 
in tables, 6.2.3.1 
in units of measurement, 6.5 

tables, 5.2.4, 5.2.7, 6.2.1, 6.2.3-6.2.3.3 
footnotes to, 6.2.3.1 
in appendices, 5.3.1 
lists, t. 1, 5.1.8 
numbering, 6.2.1 
oversized, 6.2.1.1 
sample, f. 8 
See also figures 
tables of contents 

See contents section 


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terms, 5.1.3.2 

in glossaries, 5.3.4 
in indices, 5.3.5, 6.11.3 
in summaries, 5.2.1 

See also headings and subheadings; subject 
matter 

test techniques, 5.3.1 
text matter, t. 1, 5.2-5.2.7, 6.4.2 
in figures and tables, 6.2.2-6.2.3 
See also specific component and element names 
title section, t. 1, 5.1.2, 5.1.3.2 

authors’/creators' names on, 5.1.2.3 
organization names on, 5.1.2, 5.1.2.4 
samples, f. 2b, f. 3b 
titles on, 5.1.2.2 

titles and subtitles, 5.1.1, 5.1.2.2 
of appendices, 5.3.1 

of figures and tables, 5.1.8, 6.2.2, 6.2.3.1-6.2.3.2 
of references, 5.2.7 
of reports, 5.1.2, 5.1.2.2 
of series, 5.1.2.2 


topics 

See headings and subheadings; subject matter; 
terms 

typography 

See fonts, graphic techniques; image area; 
indentation and spacing; legibility; lines; margins; 
readability; superscripts and subscripts 
type faces 
See fonts 

units, of measurement, 6.2.3.1, 6.5 

See also scientific notation and analysis 

visual matter 
See figures 

volumes, 5.1.2.2, 6.4.2 

XML, f. 1, 1.1, 3.6.2, 3.10 

See also digital format; DTD; XSL 
XSL, f.1, 3.6.3 

See also digital format; DTD; XML 


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