Narrated Fact vs Opinion

CNM Cyber suites

Narrated Fact vs Opinion (hereinafter, the Lectio) is the lesson part of Technical Report Essentials lesson that introduces its participants to technical report concepts. This lesson belongs to the CNMCT Entrance section of the CNM Cyber Placement.

Content

The predecessor lectio is What Reporting Is.

Script

In linguistics, language modality conveys the purpose of the language. Two categories of grammatical modes can be found in natural languages such as Arabic, Chinese, English, Hindi, Russian, Swahili, and Urdu.

Irrealis modes express desired, intended, irreal, possible, or uncertain actions or situations. Imperative phrases such as Please compare! express commands or requests. Subjunctive phrases such as I wish you compared! express desires or wishes. Other irrealis phrases include conditional, hypothetical, interrogative, and other ones. Grammatically, adverbs such as probably, modal constructions such as if you do, I will do, verb auxiliaries such as could and should, and/or verb modes convey the modality type.

Grammatically, the realis mode expresses real actions or situations. However, only factual statements express real events, state of affairs, or anything else that is worthy of reporting. These statements express something what is true, is known to be true, can be tested and proven true, and/or observed through direct experience.

On the contrary, opinion statements express one's feelings or beliefs, cannot be proven true or false, are false and just tried to be misrepresented as true, speculations about the future, and/or anything controversial or debatable.

For instance, Robert Mueller's report on Trump specified,

The Special Counsel states that while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him.

After the report's release, President Trump tweeted,

Complete and Total EXONERATION.

The statement that Mueller's report exonerates Mr. Trump is not factual. Vice versa, this statement is false. President Trump probably expressed his opinion to misrepresent the report.

Both factual and opinion statements use verbs in the realis mode. Opinions may be expressed not only with verbs, but with other parts of speech. For instance, both statements Just 25 dollars and Excessive 25 dollars represent opinions, but they would be factual if words Just and Excessive are taken out.

No grammatical indicator exists to distinguish between factual and opinion statements. Only one's logic can separate opinions and facts.

Finally, normative statements describe how the world should be, how things are designed to be, how situations normally are, and so on. Grammatically, these statements may be expressed using constructions such as shall and have to of some irrealis modes.

Nevertheless, some normative statements may be also expressed in the realis mode. Product epics and product manuals are some examples. For instance, the statement,

the computing servers of CNM Cloud routinely report to WorldOpp Middleware

can be either factual or normative; it was 100% factual only at the moment when it was written.

Key terms

Testing

Closing

The successor lectio is What Tech Report Is.