Public Speaking Handbook 4e by Beebe, Beebe

Public Speaking Handbook 4e by Beebe, Beebe is the 4th edition of the handbook authored by Steven A. Beebe, Texas State University - San Marcos, and Susan J. Beebe, Texas State University - San Marcos, and published by Pearson Education, Inc. in 2013.

• Acceptance speech. A speech of thanks for an award, nomination, or other honor.
• Accommodation. Sensitivity to the feelings, needs, interests, and backgrounds of other people.
• Ad hominem. An attack on irrelevant personal characteristics of the person who is proposing an idea rather than on the idea itself.
• After-dinner speech. An entertaining speech, usually delivered in conjunction with a mealtime meeting or banquet.
• Alliteration. The repetition of a consonant sound (usually the first consonant) several times in a phrase, clause, or sentence.
• Analogy. A comparison; also, a special type of inductive reasoning that compares one thing, person, or process with another to predict how something will perform and respond.
• Analysis. The process of examining the causes, effects, and history of a problem to reach a solution.
• Andragogy. The art and science of teaching adults.
• Anecdote. A brief story that is often based on fact.
• Antithesis. Opposition, such as that used in two-part sentences whose parts have parallel structures but contrasting meanings.
• Appeal to misplaced authority. Use of the testimony of an expert in a given field to endorse an idea or product for which the expert does not have the appropriate credentials or expertise.
• Articulation. The production of clear and distinct speech sounds.
• Attend. To focus on incoming information.
• Attitude. A predisposition to respond favorably (like) or unfavorably (dislike) to something.
• Audience adaptation. The process of ethically using information about an audience to help the audience clearly understand the message and achieve the speaking objective.
• Audience analysis. The process of examining information about those who are expected to listen to a speech.
• Bandwagon fallacy. Reasoning that suggests that because everyone else believes something or is doing something, then it must be valid or correct.
• Bar graph. A graph in which bars of various lengths represent information.
• Behavioral objective. Statement of the specific purpose of a speech, expressed in terms of desired audience behavior at the end of the speech.
• Belief. An individual's perception of what is true or false.
• Benefit. A good result that creates a positive emotional response in the listener.
• Blueprint. The central idea of a speech plus a preview of the main ideas.
• Boolean search. An advanced Web-searching technique that allows a user to narrow a subject or keyword search by adding various requirements.
• Boom microphone. A microphone that is suspended from a bar and moved to follow the speaker; often used in movies and TV.
• Brainstorming. A problem-solving technique that can be used to generate many ideas.
• Brief illustration. An unelaborated example, often only a sentence or two long.
• Card catalog. A file of information about the books in a library, which may be an index-card filing system or a computerized system.
• Causal fallacy. A faulty cause-and-effect connection between two things or events.
• Causal reasoning. Reasoning in which the relationship between two or more events leads the person to conclude that one or more of the events caused the others.
• Cause and effect organization. Organization that focuses on a situation and its causes or a situation and its effects.
• Central idea. A one-sentence summary of a speech.
• Ceremonial speech] (epideictic speech). A speech delivered on a special occasion for celebration, thanksgiving, praise, or mourning.
• Channel. The visual and auditory means by which a message is transmitted from sender to receiver.
• Charisma. A form of dynamism characteristic of a talented, charming, attractive speaker.
• Chart. A display that summarizes and presents a great deal of information in a small amount of space.
• Chronological organization. Organization by time or sequence.
• Cliché. An overused expression.
• Clip art. Images or pictures stored in a computer file or in printed form that can be used in a presentation aid.
• Closed-ended questions. Questions that offer several alternatives from which to choose.
• Closure. The quality of a conclusion that makes a speech "sound finished".
• Code. A verbal or nonverbal symbol for an idea or image that an audience can recognize.
• Cognitive dissonance. The sense of mental discomfort that prompts a person to change when new information conflicts with previously organized thought patterns.
• Commemorative address. A speech delivered during ceremonies held in memory of some past event and often the person or persons involved.
• Commencement address. A speech delivered at a graduation or commencement ceremony.
• Common ground. Ways in which you and your listeners are alike.
• Competence. An aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as informed, skilled, or knowledgeable.
• Complexity. Arrangement of the ideas in a speech from the simplest to the more complex.
• Conclusion. The logical outcome of a deductive argument, which stems from the major premise and the minor premise.
• Connotation. The meaning listeners associate with a word, based on past experience.
• Consensus. The support and commitment of all group members to the final decision of the group.
• Context. The environment or situation in which a speech occurs.
• Credibility. An audience's perception of a speaker as competent, trustworthy, knowledgeable, and dynamic.
• Crisis rhetoric. Language used by speakers during momentous or overwhelming times.
• Criteria. Standards for identifying an acceptable solution to a problem.
• Critical listening. The process of listening to evaluate the quality, appropriateness, value, or importance of the information put forth by a speaker.
• Critical thinking. The mental process of making judgments about the conclusions that are presented in what you see, hear, and read.
• Culture. A learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms that is shared by a group of people.
• Declamation. The delivery of an already famous speech.
• Decode. To translate verbal or nonverbal symbols into ideas and images that constitute a message.
• Deductive reasoning. Reasoning that moves from a general statement or principle to a specific, certain conclusion.
• Definition by classification. A "dictionary definition," constructed by first placing a term in the general class to which it belongs and then differentiating it from all other members of that class.
• Definition. A statement of what a term means or how it is applied in a specific instance.
• Delivery outline. A condensed and abbreviated outline from which speaking notes are developed.
• Demagogue. A speaker who attempts to gain control over others by using unethical emotional pleas and appeals to listeners' prejudices.
• Demographic audience analysis. Analyzing an audience by examining demographic information so as to develop a clear and effective message.
• Demographics. Statistical information about population characteristics such as age, sexual orientation, race, gender, educational level, and ideological or religious views.
• Denotation. The literal meaning of a word.
• Derived credibility. The perception of a speaker's credibility that an audience forms during a speech.
• Description. A word picture of something.
• Dialect. A consistent style of pronouncing words that is common to an ethnic group or geographic region.
• Direct persuasion route. Persuasion that occurs when audience members critically examine evidence and arguments.
• Disposition. The process of organizing and arranging ideas and illustrations in an orderly speech.
• Dynamism. An aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as energetic.
• Either/or fallacy. The oversimplification of an issue into a choice between only two outcomes or possibilities.
• Elaborate. From the standpoint of the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) of persuasion, to think about information, ideas, and issues related to the content of a message.
• Elaboration likelihood model (ELM, elaboration likelihood model of persuasion). The theory that listeners can be persuaded directly, by logic, reasoning, and evidence, or indirectly, by their overall impression of the message.
• Elocution. The expression of emotion through posture, movement, gestures, facial expression, and voice.
• Emotional contagion theory. A theory suggesting that people "catch" the emotions of others.
• Emotional response theory. Human emotional responses can be classified as eliciting feelings of pleasure, arousal, or dominance.
• Empowerment. The capacity to influence and potentially lead, gained in part by speaking with competence and confidence.
• Encode. To translate ideas and images into verbal or nonverbal symbols that an audience can recognize.
• Epideictic speech. See ceremonial speech.
• Ethical speech. Speech that is responsible, honest, and tolerant.
• Ethics. The beliefs, values, and moral principles by which people determine what is right or wrong.
• Ethnic vernacular. A variety of English that includes words and phrases used by a specific ethnic group.
• Ethnicity. The portion of a person's cultural background that includes such factors as nationality, religion, language, and ancestral heritage, which are shared by a group of people who also share a common geographical region..
• Ethnocentrism. An assumption that one's own culture and cultural perspectives and methods are superior to those of others.
• Ethos. The term that Aristotle used to refer to a speaker's credibility.
• Eulogy. A speech of tribute to someone who has died.
• Evidence. The facts, examples, opinions, and statistics that a speaker uses to support a conclusion.
• Example. An illustration used to dramatize or clarify a fact.
• Expert testimony. An opinion offered by someone who is an authority on the subject under discussion.
• Explanation. A statement of how something is done or why it exists in its present form or existed in its past form.
• Extemporaneous speaking. Speaking from a written or memorized speech outline without having the exact wording of the speech in front of you or in memory.
• Extended illustration. A detailed example that resembles a story.
• External noise. Physical sounds that interfere with communication.
• Fact. Information that has been proven to be true through direct observation.
• Fallacy. False reasoning that occurs when someone attempts to persuade without adequate evidence or with arguments that are irrelevant or inappropriate.
• Feature. A characteristic of something you are describing.
• Feedback. Verbal and nonverbal responses provided by an audience to a speaker.
• Figurative analogy. A comparison between two essentially dissimilar things that share some feature on which the comparison depends.
• Figure of speech. Language that deviates from the ordinary, expected meanings of words to make a description or comparison unique, vivid, and memorable.
• First Amendment. The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that guarantees freedom of speech; the first of the ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution that are known collectively as the Bill of Rights.
• Font. A particular style of typeface.
• Forum. A question-and-answer session that usually follows a public discussion or symposium.
• Free speech. Legally protected speech or speech acts.
• Gender. The culturally constructed and psychologically based perception of one's self as feminine or masculine..
• General purpose. The overarching goal of a speech: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain.
• Generalization. An all-encompassing statement.
• Graph. A pictorial representation of statistical data.
• Hard evidence. Factual examples and statistics.
• Hasty generalization. A conclusion reached without adequate evidence.
• Hyperbole. Exaggeration.
• Hypothetical illustration. An example that describes a situation or event that might happen but that has not actually occurred.
• Illustration. A story that provides an example of an idea, issue, or problem the speaker is discussing.
• Immediacy behaviors. Nonverbal expressions of closeness to and liking for an audience, made through such means as physical approach or eye contact.
• Immediacy. The degree of physical or psychological closeness between people.
• Impromptu speaking. Delivering a speech without advance preparation.
• Indirect persuasion route. Persuasion that occurs as a result of factors peripheral to a speaker's logic and argument, such as the speaker's charisma or emotional appeals.
• Inductive reasoning. Reasoning that uses specific instances or examples to reach a general, probable conclusion.
• Inference. A conclusion based on partial information or an evaluation that has not been directly observed.
• Inflection. The variation of the pitch of the voice.
• Initial credibility. The impression of a speaker's credibility that listeners have before the speaker starts a speech.
• Internal noise. Anything physiological or psychological that interferes with communication.
• Internal preview. A statement in the body of speech that introduces and outlines ideas that will be developed as the speech progresses.
• Internal summary. A restatement in the body of a speech of the ideas that have been developed so far.
• Internet. A vast collection of hundreds of thousands of computers accessible to millions of people around the world.
• Invention. The development or discovery of new insights or new approaches to old problems.
• Inversion. Reversal of the normal word order of a phrase or sentence.
• Jargon. The specialized language of a profession or hobby.
• Kairos. The circumstances surrounding or the occasion for a speech.
• Keynote address. A speech that sets the theme and tone for a meeting or conference.
• Lavaliere microphone. A microphone that can be clipped to an article of clothing or worn on a cord around the neck.
• Lay testimony. An opinion or description offered by a nonexpert who has firsthand experience.
• Leadership. The process of influencing other people through communication.
• Line graph. A graph that uses lines or curves to show relationships between two or more variables.
• Listening styles. Preferred ways of making sense out of spoken messages.
• Listening. The process by which receivers select, attend to, create meaning from, remember, and respond to senders' messages.
• Literal analogy. A comparison between two similar things.
• Literary quotation. An opinion or description by a writer, expressed in a memorable and often poetic way.
• Logic. A formal system of rules that is used to reach a rational conclusion.
• Logos. Literally, "the word"; the term that Aristotle used to refer to logic—the formal system of using rules to reach a rational conclusion.
• Main ideas. The key points of a speech; subdivisions of the central idea.
• Major premise. A general statement that is the first element of a syllogism.
• Malapropism. The mistaken use of a word that sounds like the intended word.
• Manuscript speaking. Reading a speech from a written text.
• Mapping. Use of geometric shapes to sketch how all the main ideas, subpoints, and supporting material of a speech relate to the central idea and to one another.
• Memorized speaking. Delivering a speech word for word from memory without using notes.
• Message. The content of a speech plus the way in which it is said.
• Metaphor. An implied comparison of two things or concepts that are similar in some vital way.
• Minor premise. A specific statement about an example that is linked to the major premise; the second element of a syllogism.
• Model. A small object that represents a larger object.
• Motivation. An internal force that drives people to achieve their goals.
• Myth. A belief based on the shared values, cultural heritage, and faith of a group of people.
• Nomination speech. A speech that officially recommends someone as a candidate for an office or position.
• Non sequitur. Latin for "it does not follow"; an idea or conclusion that does not logically relate to or follow from the previous idea or conclusion.
• Nonverbal communication. Communication other than written or spoken language that creates meaning.
• Nonverbal-expectancy theory. A communication theory suggesting that if listeners' expectations about how communication should be expressed are violated, listeners will feel less favorable toward the communicator of the message.
• Omission. Leaving out a word or phrase the listener expects to hear.
• Online database. An electronic resource that includes abstracts and/or the full text of entries in addition to bibliographic data.
• Open-ended questions. Questions that allow for unrestricted answers.
• Operational definition. A definition that explains how something works or what it does or that describes procedures for observing or measuring the concept being defined.
• Opinion. Testimony or a quotation that expresses someone's attitudes, beliefs, or values.
• Oral citation. The oral presentation of such information about a source as the author, title, and year of publication.
• Panel discussion. A group discussion designed to inform an audience about issues or a problem or to make recommendations.
• Parallelism. Use of the same grammatical pattern for two or more clauses or sentences.
• Pathos. The term that Aristotle used to refer to appeals to emotion.
• Pedagogy. The art and science of teaching children.
• Periodical index. A listing of bibliographical data for articles published in a group of magazines and/or journals during a given time period.
• Personification. The attribution of human qualities to inanimate things or ideas.
• Persuasion. The process of changing or reinforcing a listener's attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior.
• Picture graph. A graph that uses images or pictures to symbolize data.
• Pie graph. A circular graph divided into wedges that show the distribution of data.
• Pitch. The highness or lowness of voice sounds.
• Plagiaphrasing. Using someone else's phrases in a speech without acknowledging the source.
• Plagiarize. To present someone else's ideas as though they were one's own.
• Preliminary bibliography. A list of potential resources to be used in the preparation of a speech.
• Preparation outline. A detailed outline that includes main ideas, subpoints, and supporting material and that may also include a speech's specific purpose, introduction, blueprint, signposts, and conclusion.
• Presentation aid. Any tangible object, image, or sound that helps to communicate an idea to an audience.
• Presentation speech. A speech that accompanies the presentation of an award.
• Primacy. Arrangement of the ideas in a speech from the most to the least important.
• Primary source. The original collector and interpreter of information or data.
• Problem–solution organization. Organization that focuses on a problem and various solutions or a solution and the problems it would solve.
• Pronunciation. The proper use of sounds to form words clearly and accurately.
• Proposition. A statement with which a speaker wants an audience to agree.
• Proposition of fact. A proposition that focuses on whether something is true or false or whether it did or did not happen.
• Proposition of policy. A proposition that advocates a change in a policy, procedure, or behavior.
• Proposition of value. A proposition that calls for a listener to judge the worth or importance of something.
• Psychological audience analysis. Analyzing the attitudes, beliefs, values, and other psychological information about an audience to develop a clear and effective message.
• Public-relations speech. A speech designed to inform the public, to strengthen alliances with them, and in some cases to recommend policy.
• Public speaking. The process of presenting a message to an audience.
• Pun. A verbal device that uses double meanings to create humor.
• Race. A person's biological heritage.
• Reasoning. The process of drawing a conclusion from evidence.
• Receiver. A listener or an audience member.
• Receiver apprehension. The fear of misunderstanding or misinterpreting, or of being unable to adjust psychologically to, the spoken messages of others.
• Recency. Arrangement of the ideas in a speech from the least to the most important.
• Red herring. Irrelevant facts or information used to distract someone from the issue under discussion.
• Reflective thinking. A method of structuring a problem-solving discussion that involves (1) identifying and defining the problem, (2) analyzing the problem, (3) generating possible solutions, (4) selecting the best solution, and (5) testing and implementing the solution.
• Regionalism. A word or phrase used uniquely by speakers in one part of a country.
• Relationship. An ongoing connection with another person.
• Reluctant testimony. A statement by someone who has reversed his or her position on a given issue.
• Remember. To recall ideas and information.
• Repetition. Use of a key word or phrase more than once for emphasis.
• Respond. to react with a change in behavior to a speaker's message.
• Rhetoric. The use of words and symbols to achieve a goal.
• Rhetorical criticism. The process of using a method or standards to evaluate the effectiveness and appropriateness of messages.
• Rhetorical question. A question that is intended to provoke thought rather than to elicit an answer.
• Rhetorical strategies. Methods and techniques used by speakers to achieve their goals.
• Secondary source. An individual, organization, or publication that reports information or data gathered by another entity.
• Select. To single out a message from several competing ones.
• Self-actualization. The need to achieve one's highest potential.
• Signpost. A verbal or nonverbal signal that a speaker is moving from one idea to another.
• Simile. A comparison between two things that uses the word like or as.
• Situational audience analysis. Analyzing the time and place of a speech, the audience size, and the speaking occasion to develop a clear and effective message.
• Small group communication. Interaction among from three to twelve people who share a common purpose, feel a sense of belonging to the group, and influence one another.
• Social judgment theory. The theory that listeners' responses to persuasive messages fall in the category of latitude of acceptance, the latitude of rejection, or the latitude of noncommitment.
• Socioeconomic status. A person's perceived importance and influence based on factors such as income, occupation, and education level.
• Soft evidence. Supporting material based on opinion or inference; includes hypothetical illustrations, descriptions, explanations, definitions, analogies, and opinions..
• Source. The public speaker.
• Spatial organization. Organization according to location or direction.
• Specific purpose. A concise statement of what you want your listeners to know, feel, or be able to do when you finish speaking.
• Speech act. A behavior, such as burning a flag, that is viewed by law as nonverbal communication and is subject to the same protections and limitations as verbal speech.
• Speech of introduction. A speech that provides information about another speaker.
• Speech to inform. A speech that shares information with others about ideas, concepts, principles, or processes to enhance their knowledge or understanding.
• Speech topic. The key focus of the content of a speech.
• Spoonerism. A play on words involving the switching of the initial sounds of the words in a phrase.
• Stacks. The collection of books in a library.
• Standard outline form. Numbered and lettered headings and subheadings arranged hierarchically to indicate the relationships among the various parts of a speech.
• Standard U.S. English. The English taught by schools and used in the media, business, and government in the United States.
• Stationary microphone. A microphone that is found attached to a podium, sitting on a desk, or standing on the floor.
• Statistics. Numerical data that summarize facts or samples.
• Suspension. Withholding a key word or phrase until the end of a sentence.
• Syllogism. A three-part way of developing an argument, using a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.
• Symbols. Words, images, and behaviors that create meaning for others.
• Symposium. A public discussion in which a series of short speeches is presented to an audience.
• Target audience. A specific segment of an audience that you most want to address or influence.
• Team. A coordinated small group of people organized to work together, with clearly defined roles and responsibilities, explicit rules, and well-defined goals.
• Terminal credibility. The final impression listeners have of a speaker's credibility, after a speech concludes.
• Thesaurus. A book containing a store of words and their synonyms.
• Toast. A brief salute to a momentous occasion.
• Topical organization. Organization of the natural divisions in a central idea onthe basis of recency, primacy, complexity, or the speaker's preference.
• Transformational leadership. The process of influencing others by building a shared vision of the future, inspiring others to achieve, developing high-quality individual relationships with others, and helping people see how what they do is related to a larger framework or system.
• Trustworthiness. An aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as believable and honest.
• Understand. To assign meaning to the stimuli to which you attend.
• Understatement. Downplaying a fact or event.
• Value. An enduring concept of right and wrong, good and bad.
• Verbal irony. Expressing the exact opposite of the intended meaning.
• Vertical search engine. A Web site that indexes World Wide Web information in a specific field.
• Visual rhetoric. The use of images as an integrated element in the total communication effort a speaker makes to achieve the speaking goal.
• Volume. The softness or loudness of a speaker's voice.
• Wit. Relating an incident that concludes in an unexpected way.
• Word picture. A vivid description that appeals to the senses.
• Working memory theory of listening. A theory that suggests that listeners find it difficult to concentrate and remember when their short-term working memories are full.
• World Wide Web. The primary information-delivery system of the Internet.