Book of KSA Projects

Introduction to Career Administration (hereinafter, the Lecture) is a lecture introducing the learners to career administration and related topics. The Lecture is the fifth of eight lectures of WorldOpp Orientation (hereinafter, the Orientation).

Outline

Introduction to Career Administration is the predecessor lecture.

Education (overview)

Education. The product and/or process of facilitating the acquisition of KSAs.

• 

  Bloom's taxonomy
  Educational objective. A goal of gaining specified knowledge, skills, and/or abilities by a learner as a result of a specified learning activity or a set of activities. Bloom's taxonomy is one of attempts to classify educational objectives.
• Formal education (formal training). The education that is delivered in accordance with a formal curriculum and calendar that is officially approved usually by the government or some accreditation body. In most of contemporary countries, formal education consists of compulsory education and post-secondary education.
• Compulsory education. The part of formal education that is imposed by government and, with some exceptions, required of all people. In most of contemporary countries, compulsory education consists of primary education and secondary education.

Attitude

Development domain. One of three domains that group educational objectives according to their bases: (a) cognitive domain for development of knowledge, (b) affective domain for development of emotions, and psychomotor domain for development of actions.

• Cognitive domain. The development domain that groups those educational objectives that target development of knowledge.
• Affective domain. The development domain that groups those educational objectives that target development of emotions.
• Psychomotor domain. The development domain that groups those educational objectives that target development of actions.

Educational methods

Educational method. An established procedure for one's education. These procedures can be grouped in three categories: narrated teaching, practical instruction, cognitive research, experiential learning, or some combination of those.

• Social-learning theory. The view that we can learn through both observation and direct experience.

Narrated teaching

Narrated teaching. Any educational method that is based on some narration such as lecturing, storytelling, or demonstrating.

• Lecturing. Any narrated teaching that is based on one or more lectures.
• Storytelling. Any narrated teaching that is based on telling stories related to the subject of learning.
• Demonstrating. Any narrated teaching that is based on one or more demonstrations.

Practical instruction

Practical instruction. Any educational method that is based on prescribed practical exercises related to the subject of learning.

• Hands-on training. Any practical instruction that is based on completion hands-on assignments according to step-by-step instructions.
• Guided experiment. Any practical instruction that is based on executing some experiments according to step-by-step instructions.

Cognitive research. Any educational method that is based on experience that requires cognitive analysis, synthesis, and/or evaluation of the subject of learning.

• Formative assessment. An educational method that is based on assessment that is formatted to provide detailed feedback afterwards, possibly during debriefing or a lessons learned session. Learners may also be encouraged to either complete specified assessment activities or obtain specified scores on them.
• Substantive discussion. An educational method that is based on one or more discussions on the matters that go beyond conventionally-formalized concepts, possibly followed by debriefing or a lessons learned session.
• Case method. An educational method that is based on usage of decision-forcing cases to put students in the role of people who were faced with difficult decisions at some point in the past. In sharp contrast to many other educational methods, the case method requires that instructors refrain from providing their own opinions about the decisions in question. At the same time, instructor's feedback may be provided during the following debriefing or a lessons learned session.
• Socratic method. An educational method that is based on critical thinking while answering challenging questions related to the subject of learning.

Experiential learning (learning by doing, learning through play). Any educational method that is based on both direct experience and cognitive reflection on that experience. Those methods may include a wide range of techniques from experiments to heuristic techniques, but the following consideration of what happened is the key. That methodology may also be defined as learning through reflection on doing.

• Project-based learning (problem-based learning). An educational method that is based on experiential working on real-world projects related to the subject of learning.
• Exploratory research. An educational method that is based on completing one or more researches that relate to the subject of learning, but which procedure cannot be fully prescribed and which results cannot be completely estimated.
• Learning through failure. A heuristic technique to utilize experience for learning.

Educational formats

Educational format. The layout of one's education. This layout include organization of roles, functions, technology, and other arrangements for the educational process.

• Traditional classroom. Any educational format that is based on a regular classroom in which a teacher narrates educational topics while using some board or display for demonstrating and one or more students listen to him or her.
• Flipped classroom. Any educational format that is the opposite of a traditional classroom. The students are supposed to review pre-recorded lectures or other learning materials outside of the classroom. The teacher usually facilitates learning activities such as practical instruction, cognitive research, and/or experiential learning in the classroom.
• On-the-job training. Any educational format that is based on training provided at the workplace. This training can be anything from time to think on work problems and/or review related learning materials and up to on-on-one mentoring.
• One-on-one mentoring. Any educational format that is based on a relationship between one mentor and one student.
• Study group. Any educational format that is based on a group of students that gathers to learn specified topics. Study circles use a similar format, but their topics are more vague.
• Computer-aided education. Any educational format that uses learning management system based on some software. This format can complement any other learning arrangement.
• MOOC. A kind of computer-aided education that represents a massive open online course aimed at unlimited participation and open access via World Wide Web.
• Internship. A period of professional experience offered by an organization for a limited period of time to students enrolled into programs related to that profession. Internship can be considered as a complement to formal education; for some students, especially those in the medical field, internship is a requirement for an educational credential.
• Apprenticeship. An arrangement in which someone called an apprentice learns on the job and, often, at some educational institution. Apprenticeship can also refer to the position of an apprentice.

Educational credentials

Educational credential. A credential that confirms one's education. Some educational institutions offer educational programs especially in creative arts and the medical field that combine credentialing of academic achievements and professional experience.

• 

  Apprenticeship
  Registered apprenticeship. In the United States, apprenticeship that is registered and overseen by a government organization. In some states, this organization is the United States Department Of Labor; similar state bodies register and oversee registered apprenticeships in the other states. Those organizations issue educational credentials to the graduates from the registered apprenticeships.

Academic credential. An educational credential that is issued by an educational institution or credentialing organization to certify specific academic achievements traditionally related to someone's knowledge.

• High school diploma. An academic credential that certifies that someone has been graduated from a high school.
• GED (General Equivalency Diploma). A credential that certifies that someone has successfully passed the test that covers United States or Canadian high school-level academic skills.
• Diploma. A certificate or deed issued by an educational institution, such as college or university, that testifies that the recipient has successfully completed a particular course of study.
• Associate degree (or associate's degree). An undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study intended to usually last two years or more.
• Bachelor's degree. An undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years depending on institution and academic discipline.
• 

  Master's degree
  Master's degree. A graduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting one to three years beyond the coursework required by a Bachelor's degree.
• PhD (Doctor of Philosophy, also known as PhD degree or Ph.D.). The highest, terminal academic degree awarded by universities in most countries. The requirements to earn a PhD regularly include comprehensive examinations and work on thesis or dissertation based on extensive research.
• Professional degree. A degree that prepares someone to work in a particular profession, often meeting the academic requirements for licensure or accreditation.
• Credentialism (academic inflation). The process of the devaluation of educational qualifications because of the needs of educational institutions to increase revenues and cut expenses, on one side, and increasing demands, on the other side. This process further provokes credential creep.

Educational service providers

Educational institution. An enterprise, usually an organization or its constituent part, that exists in order to provide the public with education.

• Preschool (nursery school, kindergarten). An educational institution that offers early childhood education to children before they begin compulsory education at primary school.
• Elementary school (primary school). An educational institution that offers initial or primary compulsory education, in the United States and Canada, from the age of about seven to twelve. Students usually attend elementary school after preschool and before secondary school.
• Secondary school (in the United States, a combination of middle school and high school). An educational institution that offers compulsory education beyond its primary level that is offered at elementary school. In the United States and Canada, the students of secondary schools are from the age of about twelve to eighteen.
• Tertiary school (college, university, post-secondary school). An educational institution that facilitates learning beyond compulsory education and awards academic credentials higher than high school diplomas.
• Vocational school (trade school, career center, or vocational college). An educational institution that facilitates learning beyond compulsory education, but does not award academic credentials higher than high school diplomas. Instead, vocational schools concentrate on those occupations that do not require advanced academic credentials and those KSAs that are needed in order to start working in those occupations.

Self-education (autodidacticism, autodidactism, self-learning, self-directed learning, and self-teaching) is education without the guidance of masters (such as teachers and professors) or educational institutions. A self-learner chooses the subject of study, their learning material, and educational format.

• Learning material. Any tool helpful in learning. Those tools may include:
  1. Printed materials such as books, textbooks, handouts, articles, study guides, technical documentation, etc.;
  2. Audio materials such as audio files, collections, or natural experiences;
  3. Graphic materials such as illustrations, charts, real objects, photographs, etc.;
  4. Audiovisual materials such as video files, collections, natural and/or multimedia experiences;
  5. Special software such as learning management systems, MOOCs, collaborative knowledge systems, etc.
• 

  Observation
  Observation. The data-gathering technique that is based on watching something or someone.

Introduction to Careerprise Services is the successor lecture.

Materials

Quiz questions

Sample true/false questions:

1. Education is (not) the product and/or process of facilitating the acquisition of KSA's.
2. Education can (not) be formal or self-directed.
3. Formal education and self-education can (not) be combined.
4. Only acknowledged schools, colleges, and universities can (not) provide one with education.
5. Only acknowledged schools, colleges, and universities can (not) provide one with proper education.
6. Only acknowledged schools, colleges, and universities can (not) provide one with formal education.
7. Any employer can (not) serve as an educational institution.
8. Any organization can (not) serve as an educational institution.
9. Better schools (do not necessarily) lead to better education.
10. Formal education is (not) learning that is facilitated only by acknowledged schools, colleges, and universities.
11. Formal education is (not) learning that is organized by a learner him- or her-self.
12. Self-education is (not) education that is facilitated only by acknowledged schools, colleges, and universities.
13. Self-education is (not) education that is organized by a learner him- or her-self.
14. Self-education can (not) be active.
15. Observation is (not) an example of self-education.
16. Observation is (not) an example of narrated education.
17. Observation is (not) an example of practical instruction.
18. Observation is (not) an example of active learning.
19. Lecturing, storytelling, and demonstrating are (not) examples of self-education.
20. Lecturing, storytelling, and demonstrating are (not) examples of narrated education.
21. Lecturing, storytelling, and demonstrating are (not) examples of practical instruction.
22. Lecturing, storytelling, and demonstrating are (not) examples of active learning.
23. Hands-on training, directed research, and formative assessment are (not) examples of self-education.
24. Hands-on training, directed research, and formative assessment are (not) examples of narrated education.
25. Hands-on training, directed research, and formative assessment are (not) examples of practical instruction.
26. Hands-on training, directed research, and formative assessment are (not) examples of active learning.
27. Discussion, project-based learning, and exploratory research are (not) examples of self-education.
28. Discussion, project-based learning, and exploratory research are (not) examples of narrated education.
29. Discussion, project-based learning, and exploratory research are (not) examples of practical instruction.
30. Discussion, project-based learning, and exploratory research are (not) examples of active learning.
31. Discussion, project-based learning, and exploratory research can (not) be self-directed.
32. A high school diploma and professional degree are (not) examples of academic credential.
33. All academic credentials are (not) educational ones.
34. All educational credentials are (not) academic ones.
35. One can (not) land a good job without a high-school diploma.
36. One can (not) land a good job without an academic credential.
37. Apprenticeship is (not) a combination of education and work experience.
38. Graduating from university rather from an apprenticeship leads (does not necessarily lead) to a better job.
39. With regard to fast employment, schools and universities (do not) tend to be better than apprenticeship.
40. Graduating from apprenticeship rather from an university leads (does not necessarily lead) to a better job.
41. With regard to fast employment, apprenticeship (does not) tend to be better than schools and universities.
42. All interns are (not) paid.
43. All apprentices are (not) paid.
44. Internship complements (or does not complement) formal education.
45. Apprenticeship complements (or does not complement) formal education.