Public Administration 8e by Rosenbloom, Kravchuk, Clerkin

Public Administration 8e by Rosenbloom, Kravchuk, Clerkin is the 8th edition of the Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics, and Law in the Public Sector textbook authored by David H. Rosenbloom, American University, Robert S. Kravchuk, Indiana University, and Richard M. Clerkin, North Carolina State University, and published by McGraw-Hill Education, New York, NY in 2015.

• Administrative culture. The set of shared values underlying administrative performance and the general structures and processes for achieving them.
• Administrative decentralization. The delegation of administrative responsibility, authority, and discretion to administrative units that have jurisdiction over at least one program or function in a subnational geographic territory.
• Administrative law. The regulatory law of public administration, consisting of statutes, constitutional requirements, executive orders, and other regulations that control administrative matters such as rule making, adjudication, enforcement, and handling of information.
• Adversary proceeding. The enforcement of statutes or regulatory rules by placing an agency or a party against another.
• Advocacy administration. An approach to administration in which those with authority act on behalf of the less powerful members of a community.
• Affirmative action. The use of goals and timetables for hiring and promotion of women and members of minority groups as part of an equal employment opportunity program.
• Alternative dispute resolution. Settling disputes by means other than courtroom procedure, including mediation, arbitration, and fact-finding.
• Anomie. A feeling of isolation and loss of control over one's life and environment.
• Arbitration. A means of resolving disputes, including impasses reached in collective bargaining.
• Balanced budget amendment. A proposed constitutional amendment requiring a balanced annual federal budget (except in emergency situations).
• Bargaining units. Groups of employees, often according to occupation, who have a legal right to select a bargaining agent (union) to negotiate working conditions on their behalf.
• Boss-centered leadership style. A leadership style characterized by managerial control of the decision making process.
• Boss-follower culture. A type of political culture that involves political exchanges between citizens and the political "boss" or the boss's agents and between the machine and businesses. Also referred to as political-machine-based culture.
• Bureau ideologies. Beliefs developed in bureaucracies that tout their virtues.
• Bureaucratic politics. The study of how administrative agencies' power, authority, enforcement, policy making, and decision making are affected by their interaction with interest groups, legislators, legislative committees, chief executives and their appointees, courts, the public, and other political actors.
• Career reserved (SES position). A type of SES position limited to career appointees.
• Career SES appointments. A type of SES appointment made in the federal bureaucracy.
• Case law. The legal principles that can be derived by analyzing decisions in previous legal cases.
• Casework. Services rendered by members of Congress to constituents, generally aimed at resolving constituent difficulties with administrative agencies. Also referred to as constituency service.
• Categorical ranking. Grouping applicants into categories based on a competitive assessment of their qualifications. Allows hiring officials to select any applicant within the group from which hires are being made regardless of where the applicant ranks within the group.
• Civic culture. A type of political culture that emphasizes the community and promotion of the public interest over private interests.
• Client-centered. An approach to administration that seeks to create organizational structures and programmatic arrangements focusing on clients' interests.
• Client politics. A type of politics that occurs when the benefits of a governmental policy or activity are concentrated but the costs are widely distributed.
• Clientele departments. Departments that deal largely with, and often supply services to, a welldefined group of people with common economic interests, such as tobacco growers.
• Codetermination. A model of public personnel administration that involves joint policy making through collective bargaining.
• Commerce clause. Article I, section 8, clause 3, of the Constitution, giving Congress the power "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes." The source of the federal government's authority to develop and enforce nationwide economic regulatory policies.
• Commission plan. A form of municipal government in which a number of elected commissioners perform both legislative and executive functions. Each commissioner generally has executive responsibility for the operations of a specific department, such as transportation.
• Common law. Law made by judges in deciding cases as opposed to statutory law enacted by legislatures. Pertains primarily to government and the security of persons and property.
• Comparability. In pay, the degree to which jobs in the public sector are compensated comparably to those in the private sector.
• Comparable worth. A concept that addresses the pay rates for different occupations by the same employer, especially where some occupations are staffed predominantly by women and others predominantly by men. The concept promotes equal pay for dissimilar jobs considered to be of equal value to the employer.
• Comparative risk analysis. A consideration of whether a policy will cause individuals to change their behavior in ways that create risks to their welfare, such as the impact of regulations raising airfares on the likelihood that individuals will incur statistically greater risks by driving to their destinations.
• Concurrent validation. A merit examination validation technique that administers an exam to those already employed and then seeks to determine the statistical relationship between their scores and their performance appraisals.
• Conduct cases. Regulatory or law enforcement actions taken in the belief that an individual's or firm's conduct has been in violation of regulations.
• Constitutional torts. Violations of individuals' constitutional rights that are redressable through civil suits.
• Cooperative federalism. Interdependency, overlapping power, and shared responsibility between the states and the national government in formulating and implementing public policies.
• Coproduction. An approach to providing governmental services that involves service provision by both a governmental agency and a user.
• Council-manager. A form of municipal government composed of an elected council with legislative authority and a manager, hired by the council, who serves as the chief executive officer of the jurisdiction.
• Creative federalism. The allocation of federal grants directly to local governments (i.e., bypassing the states) to promote specific policy objectives such as the reduction of poverty or crime.
• Criterion-related. An approach to merit examination validation that attempts to relate exam scores to on-the-job performance.
• Cross subsidies. A type of price regulation that results in one set of customers paying prices intended to subsidize another set of customers.
• Deferral. An executive technique to control spending that delays the spending of appropriated funds.
• Democratic organization. An organization that integrates citizen and employee participation into its policy making and decision making processes.
• Dillon's rule. Court interpretation that local governments possess only the powers expressly allocated to them by the states.
• Direct hiring. Noncompetitive hiring of any qualified applicant.
• Dual federalism. A division of governmental authority in which states are supreme in some policy areas and the national government is supreme in others, with very limited overlapping jurisdiction.
• E-government. Using the Internet to facilitate administrative interactions with the public, such as submitting applications and commenting on proposed rules.
• Eligibles register. A tool used in selection decisions; a list of those who passed an examination, ranked in order of their scores.
• Entitlements. Government benefits required by law to be paid to eligible individuals, groups, or other governments.
• Entrepreneurial politics. A type of politics that occurs when the benefits of a governmental policy or activity are widely distributed but the costs are concentrated.
• Entrepreneurs' policy. Individuals who effectively represent groups and are not directly involved in legislative policy making.
• Equal protection clause. Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution requiring the states to afford equal protection of the laws to everyone within their jurisdiction.
• Equity. In law, justice based on fairness. The power of judges to fashion remedies for violations of an individual's rights or other injuries.
• Ex parte. One-sided contacts with agency decision makers when they are engaged in adjudication.
• Exclusive recognition (of a union). The designation by a collective bargaining unit of a single union to bargain on behalf of all the employees in the unit.
• Executive Office of the President (EOP). A federal organization created in 1939 to enable the president to exercise greater control over federal agencies. The EOP currently includes such important units as the White House Office, the Office of Management and Budget, and the National Security Council.
• Executive privilege. Based on the separation of powers, allows the president and other top-level executive branch officials to withhold information and documents from Congress and the courts in appropriate circumstances. Executive privilege is intended to protect the free flow of ideas and information as well as confidentiality in the highest levels of the executive branch.
• Expectancy theory. Job motivation will depend on the extent to which individuals expect that a certain activity will lead to some degree of satisfaction of their goals.
• Federalism. A form of governmental organization that divides political authority between a central government and state or provincial governments.
• Final offer arbitration. The arbitrator or panel must choose the last offer of one side or the other either in its entirety (whole package) or on each item (item by item).
• Full faith and credit clause. The clause in Article IV of the Constitution requiring states to recognize the legal acts of other states even though their policies and laws may differ.
• General SES position. A type of SES position open to any type of SES appointee.
• Hiring freeze. A technique used to control spending that prohibits the filling of vacant positions.
• Human relations approach. An approach to management that attempts to develop ways of making work in organizations more socially and psychologically acceptable to employees while enhancing or at least maintaining efficiency.
• Human services integration. An approach to administration that enables individuals seeking or requiring several services to apply to one office only.
• Hygienes. Environmental and contextual factors that have the capacity to make workers dissatisfied if they are inadequately met; however, they do not lead to job satisfaction in and of themselves.
• Impact analysis. A technique concerned with examining the extent to which a policy causes change in the intended direction.
• Implementation evaluation. A determination of whether the implementation or effect of a policy is appropriate.
• Impoundment. A technique used by governors and the president to control spending; disallows an executive agency to spend the funds that have been allotted to it.
• Income taxes. Taxes levied on the earnings of individuals and corporations.
• Incremental model. An approach to decision making emphasizing small steps toward a general objective.
• Incrementalism. An approach to budgeting or decision making that focuses on limited changes in funding, programs, or policies.
• Interest group politics. A type of politics that occurs when both the costs and the benefits of a governmental policy or activity are narrowly concentrated.
• Job performance. The reality of how much work gets done.
• Job proficiency. The ability to perform the functions of a job.
• Judicial activism. The involvement of judges in public administrative and policy matters.
• Judicialization. The tendency for administrative processes increasingly to resemble courtroom procedures. Increases the role of legal values in agency decision making.
• Keynesian approach. An approach to fiscal policy that holds that governmental spending can be used to counteract the normal boom-and-bust tendencies of the business cycle.
• Leadership. The ability to influence people, motivate them to serve a common purpose, and fulfill the functions necessary for successful group action.
• Limited emergency SES appointments. A type of noncompetitive SES appointment that can last up to 18 months.
• Limited-term SES appointments. A type of noncompetitive SES appointment that is nonrenewable and can last up to three years.
• Line-item budget. A type of budget that requires that appropriations be linked to objects of expenditure.
• Majoritarian politics. A type of politics that occurs when the costs and benefits of a governmental policy or activity are widely distributed.
• Management by objectives (MBO). A management technique that requires active participation by subordinates in goal setting.
• Marginal costs. The additional cost of providing an additional unit of a good, service, or constraint.
• Mayor-council. A form of government in which an elected mayor performs primarily executive functions while a council performs both executive and legislative functions.
• Median voter. Conceptualizing political preferences on policy or electoral choices as arrayed on an continuum from totally opposed to totally supportive, the median voter is the hypothetical voter whose preference lies precisely at the the mid-point where equal numbers of other voters would lie toward the opposed and supportive sides of him or her.
• Mixed-scanning approach. An approach to decision making that attempts to combine incrementalism with the rational-comprehensive approach.
• Moral approach to leadership. The ability to lead based on shared moral beliefs and goals on the part of the leader and the followers.
• Motivators. Factors that can produce greater job satisfaction.
• Natural rights. Fundamental rights to freedom and liberty that exist independently of government; for instance, natural rights theory holds that all individuals have a right to reasonable self-defense.
• New federalism. Initially associated with President Richard Nixon, the use of block grants and general revenue sharing to provide the states with greater flexibility in developing and implementing public policy.
• Noncareer SES appointments. A type of SES appointment held by political appointees who assist top-level political executives of departments and agencies.
• Non-distribution constraint. A prohibition preventing nonprofit organizations from distributing excess revenues (i.e., profits in the for profit context) to stakeholders.
• Nonexperimental design. A research design that does not use a control group; assumes a connection between policy outputs and changes in the condition of the target group or target phenomenon.
• Ombudsman. Independent governmental agent empowered to investigate specific complaints by individuals alleging maladministration of some kind.
• Operations management. A management approach that seeks to identify the specific operational responsibilities of government agencies and design their organizations and work flows to maximize productivity.
• Opportunity costs. The cost one choice imposes by foreclosing other possible choices, such as when the decision to protect an endangered species prevents logging in a forest.
• Organization development. An approach for improving organization that assumes that organizations will be more effective at problem solving and coping with their environments when there is more trust, support, and cooperation among their members.
• Outcome analysis. (see Impact analysis) A technique concerned with examining the extent to which a policy causes change in the intended direction.
• Overhead agencies. Administrative units, such as personnel agencies, that perform services for other agencies or are engaged in overseeing aspects of their operations.
• Performance budget. A budget that relates performance levels to appropriations.
• Picket-fence federalism. A metaphor in which federalism is visualized as a picket fence with the pickets being specific policy areas, such as health or environmental protection, and the rails being the three levels of government with federal at the top, state in the middle, and local at the bottom.
• Pluralism. A distribution of political power characterized by dispersal among many groups, none of which can dominate others in all policy areas.
• Police power. Governmental authority to regulate matters such as social behaviors, morals, health, public safety, and zoning.
• Policy design. The choice of means to achieve a public policy's objectives.
• Policy impact. The effects of policy outputs.
• Policy outcome. The end result or impact of a policy.
• Policy output. The activities intended to achieve a policy objective.
• Political exchanges. Quid pro quo relationships involving government and politics, for instance, receiving an administrative position in return for political campaign activity.
• Political executives. Top executives appointed to positions in the Executive Office of the President and other units as a means of bringing presidential policy direction to the bureaucracy.
• Political-machine-based culture. A type of political culture that involves political exchanges between citizens and the political "boss" or the boss's agents and between the machine and businesses. Also referred to as boss-follower culture.
• Political neutrality. Restrictions on the right of public employees to take an active part in the management of partisan political activities or engage in partisan political campaigns.
• Pork-barrel legislation. The spending of federal funds for public works in the home district of a member of Congress.
• Position classification. The personnel management process of designing jobs, organizing them into useful managerial and career categories, and establishing their rates of pay.
• Predictive validation. A method for assessing merit examination validation; it takes scores of examinees and associates them statistically with on-the-job performance at a later time.
• Preprogram-postprogram analysis. A method of determining policy impact by comparing the condition of the target population before and after program implementation.
• Procedural due process. The value of fundamental fairness requiring procedures designed to protect individuals from malicious, arbitrary, erroneous, capricious, or unconstitutional deprivation of life, liberty, or property by the government.
• Procedural rules. Administrative rules that govern an agency's internal organization and operations, such as communication channels among its units and how it will process applications and hold hearings.
• Process analysis. A technique for assessing the ways in which a policy is being implemented.
• Program budget. A budget that links funding to the achievement of agency purposes.
• Property taxes. Taxes levied on the value of real estate.
• Prospective adjudication. Future-oriented adjudication requesting a modification or change in a party's operations.
• Public goods. Goods or services characterized by nonexcludability and nondivisibility. One person's consumption does not exclude another's and does not exhaust or significantly diminish the good. Also referred to as collective goods.
• Pure experimental design. A research design that assesses the effect of an intervention by comparing the behavior of the group that receives it (treatment group) with a similar one that does not (control group).
• Quasi-experimental design. A method of determining policy impact that attempts to determine the impact of policies by contrasting performance among groups exposed to the policy and those not exposed while statistically controlling for confounding conditions.
• Recruitment. The process of encouraging individuals to apply for positions.
• Regime values. The core values of a political system, such as those embodied in a constitution.
• Regulatory ratchet. The tendency of regulatory agencies to add more regulations without deleting those that have become obsolete.
• Remedial law. A term used to denote judicial imposition of far-reaching reforms on administrative institutions or processes, such as public school systems, prisons, public mental health facilities, and public personnel systems.
• Repackaging. A strategy that seeks increased funding of existing programs by explaining them in terms that seem to fit new presidential priorities.
• Replevin. A legal action enabling one to recover property that is rightfully his or hers from another who has possession of it.
• Representative bureaucracy. A concept holding that the social backgrounds and statuses of public administrators can affect their job performance and that the social composition of government agencies will affect their legitimacy.
• Reprogramming. A device used to shift funds within agencies; funds are transferred between programs with permission of relevant congressional committees.
• Rescission. An executive technique to control spending that terminates funds for an agency or a program.
• Retrospective adjudication. Adjudication that involves alleged past wrongdoing by a party.
• Sales taxes and use taxes. Taxes levied on the sale or use of goods or services.
• Schedule C. Federal civil service positions that are exempt from competitive merit system hiring and promotion because they involve policy making or a close confidential relationship with a high-level political appointee.
• Scientific management. A systematic management approach that aims to determine scientifically the most efficient way to design jobs and pay systems. Also referred to as Taylorism.
• Scope of bargaining. The conditions of employment subject to negotiation between unions and employers.
• Selection. The process of choosing among applicants.
• Situational factors. Aspects of the work environment that can affect performance, such as noise levels.
• Sovereignty. Supreme political authority within a particular jurisdiction.
• Span of control. The extent of an administrator's responsibility, typically expressed in the number of subordinates an administrator supervises.
• Spoils system. A system of rewarding political supporters with government positions.
• Strategic plans. Used in decision making to respond to foreseeable environmental shifts through organizational and policy changes.
• Street-level administrator. An administrator who interacts directly with the public in a visually unsupervised manner, such as police and social workers.
• Structural cases. Adjudicatory cases that are the result of patterns and broad practices deemed by an agency to be prohibited.
• Subordinate-centered leadership style. A leadership style that emphasizes subordinate participation in the decision making process.
• Substantive due process. Constitutional rights encompassed by the guarantee of "liberty" in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment.
• Substantive rights. Rights such as freedom of speech, press, exercise of religion, and association. Contrast with procedural rights (see Procedural due process).
• Substantive rules. Also known as legislative rules, they are like statutes. For example, they regulate private parties' conduct, impose performance standards, and establish eligibility for benefits.
• Sunset provisions. A type of legislation that provides for the automatic termination of a program at some future date unless the program is reauthorized by statute at that time.
• Sunshine laws. Laws requiring that government agencies allow access by the public and the press to certain types of meetings and hearings.
• Total quality management (TQM). A management philosophy that aims to build quality into an organization's products, rather than weed out defects through inspections and the like.
• Transactional corruption. A type of corruption that involves a direct exchange with another individual or entity.
• Transfers (budgetary). A device used to shift funds within agencies; funds are transferred from one purpose to another.
• Unilateral corruption. A type of corruption that does not involve a direct exchange with another individual or entity.
• Voluntary sector failures. Failure of nonprofit organizations due to insufficient financial and human resources, particular missions, and other factors.
• Zero-base budgeting (ZBB). An approach to budgeting that requires annual justification of existing programs and activities.