Decision-making

Decision-making (alternatively spelled, decision making) is the action or process of making decisions, especially, creative behavior resulted in a non-programmed decision.

Classifications

Programmed vs non-programmed

1. Decision. A choice made from among two or more alternatives.
   • Programmed decision. Any decision that is made while handling a structured task. These decisions are repetitive and can be handled by a routine approach. In enterprises, programmed decisions are often made according to policies, operative rules, etc.
   • Non-programmed decision (creative decision). A unique and nonrecurring decision that requires a custom-made solution.

Individual vs collective

1. • Individual decision-making. Decision-making made by an individual as opposed to group decision-making.

Approach

1. • 

     Decision-making approach
     Decision-making approach. A particular manner of taking preliminary steps toward making a decision.

Linear vs nonlinear

1. Intuitive decision-making. Unconscious decision-making on the basis of distilled experience, feelings, and accumulated judgment.
   • 

     Intuition
     Intuition. An instinctive feeling not necessarily supported by research.
2. Rational decision-making. Decision-making that produces choices that are logical and consistent and maximize value.
   • Rationale. A reasoning characterized by making consistent, value-maximizing choices within specified constraints.
3. Decision criteria. Criteria that define what's important or relevant to resolving a problem.
   • Quantitative approach in management. The use of quantitative techniques to improve decision-making.
   • 

     Decisional discretion
     Decisional discretion. The freedom to decide what should be done in a particular situation.
4. 

   Attitude
   Attitude. An evaluative statement or judgment, either favorable or unfavorable, concerning objects, people, or events.
   • Cognitive component. That part of an attitude that's made up of the beliefs, opinions, knowledge, or information held by a person. In other words, the cognitive component is the opinion or belief segment of an attitude.
   • Affective component. The emotional or feeling segment of an attitude.
   • Behavioral component. The segment of an attitude that refers to an intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something.
5. Controlled expectancy. A situation in which a decision maker is able to estimate the likelihood of certain outcomes.
   • Certainty. A situation in which a decision maker can make accurate decisions because all outcomes are known.
   • Uncertainty. A situation in which a decision maker has neither certainty nor reasonable probability estimates available.
6. Ad hoc decision-making.
   • Design thinking. Approaching management problems as designers approach design problems.
   • Heuristic. A rule of thumb that decision makers use to simplify decision-making.
7. Core self-evaluation. Bottom-line conclusions individuals have about their capacities, competence, and worth as a person. In other words, self-believing in one's inner worth and basic competence.
   • General mental ability. An overall factor of intelligence, as suggested by the positive correlations among specific intellectual ability dimensions.
8. Decisional tendency.
   • Bounded rationality. Decision-making that is rational, but limited (bounded) by an individual's ability to process information. In other words, bounded rationality is a process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.
   • Escalation of commitment. An increased commitment to a previous decision despite evidence it may have been wrong.
   • Risk aversion. The tendency to prefer a sure gain of a moderate amount over a riskier outcome, even if the riskier outcome might have a higher expected payoff.
9. Decision-making dilemma. Optimizing vs. satisficing, intuitive vs rational vs ad hoc, Agile vs rigid, conservative vs aggressive, linear vs nonlinear
   • Satisfice. Acceptance of solutions that are "good enough."
   • Allostasis. Working to change behavior and attitude to find stability.
10. Self-regulation strategy.
    • Prevention focus. A self-regulation strategy that involves striving for goals by fulfilling duties and obligations.
    • Promotion focus. A self-regulation strategy that involves striving for goals through advancement and accomplishment.
11. 

    Ethical dilemma
    Ethical dilemma. A situation in which individuals are required to define right and wrong conduct.
    • Ethics. Principles, values, and beliefs that define what is right and wrong behavior.
    • Behavioral ethics. Analyzing how people actually behave when confronted with ethical dilemmas.